Operations and Management Area Working Group J. Jeong, Ed. Internet-Draft Y. Shen Intended status: Informational Sungkyunkwan University Expires: 5 September 2024 4 March 2024 An Intent-Based Management Framework for Software-Defined Vehicles in Intelligent Transportation Systems draft-jeong-opsawg-intent-based-sdv-framework-00 Abstract Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) is a new player towards autonomous vehicles in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). An SDV is constructed by a software platform like a cloud-native system like Kubernetes and has its internal network. To facilitate the easy and efficient configuration of networks in the SDV, an intent-based management is an appropriate direction. This document proposes a framework of intent-based management for networks, security, and applications in SDVs so that they can communicate with other SDVs and infrastructure nodes for safe driving and infotainment services in the road networks. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 5 September 2024. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 1] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Intent-Based Management Framework for Software-Defined Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix B. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1. Introduction Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) is a new paradigm in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The SDVs interact with each other and infrastructure (e.g., edge servers) for safe driving and infotainment services through vehicular networks, as shown in Figure 1. SDVs can communicates with each other via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. They can communicate with infrastructure nodes (e.g., gNodeB in 5G [TS-23.501]) via Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 2] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 Vehicular Cloud ******************************************* * * * +------------------+ * * | Cloud Controller | * * +------------------+ * * ^ * * | * * v * ******************************************* ^ +------------+ ^ +------------+ ^ +------------+ | |Edge-Server1| | |Edge-Server2| | |Edge-Server3| | +------------+ | +------------+ | +------------+ | ^ | ^ | ^ | | | | | | v V v V v V +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ | IP-RSU1 |<------->| IP-RSU2 |<------>| IP-RSU3 | +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ ^ ^ ^ : : : +-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+ | : V2I | | : V2I | | : V2I | | v | | v | | v | +--------+ | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | SDV1 |===> | SDV2 |===>| | | SDV3 |===>| | | SDV4 |===>| +--------+<...>+--------+<........>+--------+ | | +--------+ | V2V ^ V2V ^ | | ^ | | : V2V | | : V2V | | : V2V | | v | | v | | v | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | | SDV5 |===> | | | SDV6 |===>| | | SDV7 |==>| | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | +-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+ Subnet1 Subnet2 Subnet3 (Prefix1) (Prefix2) (Prefix3) <----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link ===> Moving Direction Figure 1: Vehicular Networks for Software-Defined Vehicles Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 3] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 SDV is regarded as a future platform for autonomous vehicles and electric vehicles. Many automotive-related companies are developing the platform of SDVs, such as AUTOSAR [AUTOSAR-SDV] and Eclipse SDV [Eclipse-SDV]. An SDV consists of computing devices, operating systems, and a cloud-native platform (e.g., Kubernetes [Kubernetes]). Kubernetes is an open-source platform for managing containerized workloads and services with portability and extendibility. It can facilitate intent-based management with both declarative configuration and automation. An SDV needs an intent-based management for networks and security inside its in-vehicle networks. An intent is a declarative command to request a configuration for a network or security function [TS-28.312][TR-28.812]. It emphasizes more on ``What'' is needed (i.e., declarative command) to be accomplished than ``How'' it should be accomplished (i.e., imperative command). Since there are a huge number of vehicles produced by each automotive company, the networks and security for the SDV needs to be remotely configured and monitored by a control center of each automotive company. The in- vehicle networks are based on Gigabit Ethernet and can be configured as multiple subnets including Electric Control Units (ECU) and infotainment devices. It requires huge overhead for an operator to configure and monitor networks and security for those in-vehicle networks. This document proposes a framework of intent-based management for networks, security, and applications in SDVs that are Service Functions (SFs). Such SFs can be contructed and managed by Software- Defined Networking (SDN) [RFC7149], Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) [ETSI-NFV][ETSI-NFV-Release-2], and Cloud Native Computing Platform (e.g., Kubernetes [Kubernetes]). This framework automates the configuration and monitoring for the networks and security in each SDV through a vehicular cloud and the SDV's mobile network. An SDV User (i.e., administrator) for the management of SDVs can configure and monitor the networks and security through an intent. The intent from the SDV User is delivered to a Cloud Controller in charge of a vehicular cloud for SDVs. The Cloud Controller translates the intent into the corresponding high-level policy, and delivers the high-level policy to an SDV Controller in charge of an SDV. The SDV translates the high-level policy into the corresponding low-level policy and delivered it to an appropriate Network Function (NF) for a specific service (e.g., router, firewall, and navigator) in the SDV. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 4] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 2. Terminology This document uses the terminology described in [RFC8329], [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability], [I-D.jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation], [I-D.jeong-nmrg-ibn-network-management-automation], and [I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation]. In addition, the following terms are defined below: * Intent: A set of operational goals (that a network should meet) and outcomes (that a network is supposed to deliver) defined in a declarative manner without specifying how to achieve or implement them [RFC9315]. * Intent-Based Management (IBM): It enforces an intent from a user (or administrator) into a target system (e.g., SDV). An intent can be expressed as a Natural Language (e.g., English) and can be translated into a high-level policy by a Natural Language Processing (NLP) [USENIX-ATC-Lumi][BERT] [Deep-Learning]. In this document, the intent can be translated into the corresponding high-level policy by an intent translator [I-D.jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation]. The high-level policy can also be translated into the corresponding low-level policy by a policy translator [I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation]. The low-level policy is dispatched to appropriate Service Functions (SFs). Through the monitoring of the SFs, the activity and performace of the SFs is monitored and analyzed. If needed, the rules of the high-level or low-level network policy are augmented or new rules are generated and configured to appropriate SFs. 3. Intent-Based Management Framework for Software-Defined Vehicles SDVs are managed and monitored by the vehicular cloud. They get help for software updates as well as the configuration of their networks and security from the vehicular cloud. Figure 1 shows a vehicular network architecture for SDVs. SDVs as vehicles can communicate with each other via V2V and with infrastructure nodes such as IP Road-Side Unit (IP-RSU), for example, gNodeB in 5G networks, respectively. Edge servers can help SDVs to perform their safe driving by processing environmental data collected by the SDVs and giving maneuver guidance to the SDVs. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 5] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 +-----------------+ (*)<........>(*) +----->| Vehicular Cloud | (2001:db8:1:1::/64) | | | +-----------------+ +------------------------------+ +---------------------------------+ | v | | v v | | +---------+ +-------+ | | +-------+ +---------+ | | |Navigator| |IP-OBU1| | | |IP-RSU1| |Navigator| | | +---------+ +-------+ | | +-------+ +---------+ | | ^ ^ | | ^ ^ | | | | | | | | | | v v | | v v | | ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- | | 2001:db8:10:1::/64 ^ | | ^ 2001:db8:20:1::/64 | | | | | | | | v | | v | | +---------+ +-------+ | | +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ | | |Firewall | |Router1| | | |Router2| |Server1|...|ServerN| | | +---------+ +-------+ | | +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ | | ^ ^ | | ^ ^ ^ | | | | | | | | | | | v v | | v v v | | ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- | | 2001:db8:10:2::/64 | | 2001:db8:20:2::/64 | +------------------------------+ +---------------------------------+ SDV1 (Mobile Network1) EN1 (Fixed Network1) <----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link (*) Antenna Figure 2: In-Vehicle Network and Edge Network Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 6] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 An SDV has its own internal networks (called in-vehicle networks), as shown in Figure 2. The in-vehicle networks consist of multiple subnets connected with each other through routers. IP On-Board Unit (IP-OBU) is a network device in an SDV that has a basic processing ability and can be driven by a low-power CPU (e.g., ARM) with 5G Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication device [RFC9365]. IP Road- Side Unit (IP-RSU) is a network device situated along the road as an infrastructure node. It has at least two distinct IP-enabled interfaces where one is for 5G V2X and the other is for the wired network connected to the vehicular cloud [RFC9365]. An Edge Network (EN) is a radio access network which has an IP-RSU for wireless communication with other SDVs having an IP-OBU and wired communication with other network devices (e.g., routers, IP-RSUs, and edge servers) [RFC9365]. As shown in Figure 2, the IPv6 prefixes should be configured for the in-vehicle network (called mobile network) and Edge Network (called EN). Also, for V2X IP networking, the wireless interfaces of IP-OBU and IP-RSU should be configured with appropriate IPv6 network prefixes and default gateways towards the infrastructure network connected to the vehicular cloud. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 7] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | +------------------+ +--------------------+ | | | SDV User | +---------->| SDV Database | | | +------------------+ | +--------------------+ | | ^ | ^ | | | Consumer-Facing | Management | Analytics | | | Interface (Intent) | Interface | Interface | | V | V | | +------------------+<---------+ +--------------------+ | | |Cloud Controller | |Vendor's Mgmt System|<-+ | | +------------------+<-------------------->+--------------------+ | | | ^ Analytics Interface | | | | | | +----------|--------------------------------------------------------|-+ | Controller-Facing Interface Analytics | | (High-level Policy) Interface | +----------|--------------------------------------------------------|-+ | | | | | v | | | +------------------+ Registration +--------------------+ | | | | SDV Controller |<-------------------->|Vendor's Mgmt System| | | | +------------------+ Interface +--------------------+ | | | ^ ^ | | | | | | | | | | Analytics Interface +--------------------+ | | | | +------------------------>| SDV Analyzer |<-+ | | | +--------------------+ | | | Service-Facing Interface ^ ^ ^ | | | (Low-level Policy) | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------+ | | | | | | +-----------------------+ | | | | | | Monitoring Interface | | | v v v v | | +---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+ | | | SF-1 |--| SF-2 |........| SF-n | | | | (Router) | | (Firewall) | | (Navigator) | | | +---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+ | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ Figure 3: Intent-Based Management Framework for Software-Defined Vehicles For the automatic network configuration of SDVs, an intent-based management is required between the vehicular cloud and SDVs [I-D.jeong-nmrg-ibn-network-management-automation]. Figure 3 shows a Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 8] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 framework of intent-based management for SDVs. The framework consists of a vehicular cloud and SDVs. The vehicular cloud consists of SDV User (as network administrator), Cloud Controller (as an orchestrator for a vehicular cloud), SDV Database (as a main repository for SDV management and monitoring), and Cloud Analyzer (as a monitoring data analyzer for SDVs) such as Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) in 5G networks [TS-23.288][TS-29.520]. The SDV is composed of SDV Controller (as a manager for an SDV), SDV Analyzer (as a monitoring data analyzer for an SDV) [I-D.jeong-nmrg-ibn-network-management-automation], Vendor's Management System (as a vendor system to provide cloud-native containers) [RFC8329][I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability], and Network Functions (NF) such as router, DNS server, and firewall [I-D.jeong-nmrg-ibn-network-management-automation]. In this figure, interfaces are defined between a pair of system components in the vehicular cloud and SDV. The intent, high-level policy, and low- level policy can be either XML documents [RFC6020][RFC7950] or YAML documents [YAML]. They can be delivered to the destination components via NETCONF [RFC6241], RESTCONF [RFC8040], or REST API [REST]. As shown in Figure 3, the Intent-Based Management SDV Framework enforces an intent from an SDV User, which as a user (or administrator), into a target system such as SDV. The intent from the SDV User can be translated into the corresponding high-level policy by an intent translator in the Cloud Controller of the Vehicular Cloud [I-D.jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation]. The high-level policy can also be translated into the corresponding low-level policy by a policy translator in the SDV Controller of the SDV [I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation]. The low-level policy is dispatched from the SDV Controller to appropriate Service Functions (SFs) in the SDV, such as Router, Firewall, and Navigator, as shown in the figure. Through the monitoring of the SFs, the activity and performace of the SFs in the SDV is monitored and analyzed by the SDV Analyzer in the SDV. If needed, the rules of the high-level or low-level network policy can be augmented by the SDV Analyzer. Also, new rules can be automatically generated and configured to appropriate SFs by the SDV Analyzer. Therefore, this document proposes a framework of intent-based management for networks in a Software-Defined Vehicle (called SDV). Through this intent-based management, SDVs can communicate with other SDVs and infrastructure nodes (e.g., IP-RSU) via V2X communications for safe driving and infotainment services in vehicular networks. As future work, we will design and implement YANG data models for the system components and interfaces in the intent-based management framework for SDVs. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 9] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 4. IANA Considerations This document does not require any IANA actions. 5. Security Considerations The same security considerations for the Interface to Network Security Functions (I2NSF) Framework [RFC8329] are applicable to the intent-based management framework this document. 6. References 6.1. Normative References [RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020, DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010, . [RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011, . [RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language", RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016, . [RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017, . [RFC8329] Lopez, D., Lopez, E., Dunbar, L., Strassner, J., and R. Kumar, "Framework for Interface to Network Security Functions", RFC 8329, DOI 10.17487/RFC8329, February 2018, . [RFC9315] Clemm, A., Ciavaglia, L., Granville, L. Z., and J. Tantsura, "Intent-Based Networking - Concepts and Definitions", RFC 9315, DOI 10.17487/RFC9315, October 2022, . [RFC9365] Jeong, J., Ed., "IPv6 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE): Problem Statement and Use Cases", RFC 9365, DOI 10.17487/RFC9365, March 2023, . 6.2. Informative References Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 10] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability] Jeong, J. P., Hyun, S., Ahn, T., Hares, S., and D. Lopez, "Applicability of Interfaces to Network Security Functions to Network-Based Security Services", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-i2nsf-applicability-18, 16 September 2019, . [I-D.jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation] Jeong, J. P., Lingga, P., Jung-Soo, J., Lopez, D., and S. Hares, "Security Management Automation of Cloud-Based Security Services in I2NSF Framework", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-jeong-i2nsf-security-management- automation-07, 7 February 2024, . [I-D.jeong-nmrg-ibn-network-management-automation] Jeong, J. P., Ahn, Y., Kim, Y., and J. Jung-Soo, "Intent- Based Network Management Automation in 5G Networks", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-jeong-nmrg-ibn-network- management-automation-03, 6 November 2023, . [I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation] Jeong, J. P., Lingga, P., and J. Yang, "Guidelines for Security Policy Translation in Interface to Network Security Functions", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation-16, 7 February 2024, . [YAML] Ingerson, B., Evans, C., and O. Ben-Kiki, "Yet Another Markup Language (YAML) 1.0", Available: https://yaml.org/spec/history/2001-05-26.html, October 2023. [TS-23.501] "System Architecture for the 5G System (5GS)", Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/ SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3144, September 2023. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 11] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 [TS-28.312] "Intent Driven Management Services for Mobile Networks", Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/ SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3554, September 2023. [TR-28.812] "Study on Scenarios for Intent Driven Management Services for Mobile Networks", Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/ SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3553, December 2020. [TS-23.288] "Architecture Enhancements for 5G System (5GS) to Support Network Data Analytics Services", Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/ SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3579, September 2023. [TS-29.520] "Network Data Analytics Services", Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/ SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3355, September 2023. [RFC7149] Boucadair, M. and C. Jacquenet, "Software-Defined Networking: A Perspective from within a Service Provider Environment", RFC 7149, March 2014, . [ETSI-NFV] "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Architectural Framework", Available: https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/ nfv/001_099/002/01.02.01_60/gs_nfv002v010201p.pdf, December 2014. [ETSI-NFV-Release-2] "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV) Release 2; Management and Orchestration; Architectural Framework Specification", Available: https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/ nfv/001_099/006/02.01.01_60/gs_nfv006v020101p.pdf, January 2021. Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 12] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 [REST] Fielding, R. and R. Taylor, "Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture", ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 2,, Available: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/514183.514185, May 2002. [USENIX-ATC-Lumi] Jacobs, A., Pfitscher, R., Ribeiro, R., Ferreira, R., Granville, L., Willinger, W., and S. Rao, "Hey, Lumi! Using Natural Language for Intent-Based Network Management", USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Available: https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc21/presentation/ jacobs, July 2021. [BERT] Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., and K. Toutanova, "BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding", NAACL-HLT Conference, Available: https://aclanthology.org/N19-1423.pdf, June 2019. [Deep-Learning] Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and A. Courville, "Deep Learning", Publisher: The MIT Press, Available: https://www.deeplearningbook.org/, November 2016. [AUTOSAR-SDV] "AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform", Available: https://www.autosar.org/standards/adaptive-platform, March 2024. [Eclipse-SDV] "Eclipse Software Defined Vehicle Working Group Charter", Available: https://www.eclipse.org/org/workinggroups/sdv- charter.php, March 2024. [Kubernetes] "Kubernetes: Cloud Native Computing Platform", Available: https://kubernetes.io/, March 2024. Appendix A. Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)(No. 2022-0-01015, Development of Candidate Element Technology for Intelligent 6G Mobile Core Network). Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 13] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 This work was supported in part by Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (No. 2022-0-01199, Regional strategic industry convergence security core talent training business). Appendix B. Contributors This document is made by the group effort of OPWAWG, greatly benefiting from inputs and texts by Linda Dunbar (Futurewei) Yong- Geun Hong (Daejeon University), and Joo-Sang Youn (Dong-Eui University). The authors sincerely appreciate their contributions. The following are coauthors of this document: Yoseop Ahn Department of Computer Science & Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu Suwon Gyeonggi-Do 16419 Republic of Korea Phone: +82 31 299 4106 Email: ahnjs124@skku.edu URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-Ahn-Yoseop.php Mose Gu Department of Computer Science & Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu Suwon Gyeonggi-Do 16419 Republic of Korea Phone: +82 31 299 4106 Email: rna0415@skku.edu URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-Moses-Gu.php Authors' Addresses Jaehoon Paul Jeong (editor) Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu Suwon Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 14] Internet-Draft An Intent-Based SDV Framework March 2024 Gyeonggi-Do 16419 Republic of Korea Phone: +82 31 299 4957 Email: pauljeong@skku.edu URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php Yiwen Shen Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu Suwon Gyeonggi-Do 16419 Republic of Korea Phone: +82 31 299 4106 Email: chrisshen@skku.edu URI: https://chrisshen.github.io Jeong & Shen Expires 5 September 2024 [Page 15]