Nymphalis

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Nymphalis Kluk, 1780 Anglewings

Nymphalis Kluk, 1780; Hist. nat. pocz. gospod. 4: 86; TS: Papilio polychloros Linnaeus

Nymphalis; [P&N23]; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [NHM-BMW] ; [NHM-BMW] ; [NHM-BMW]
Nymphalis (Nymphalidae); [BRU2], 28
Nymphalis (Nymphalini); [NL4A], 249; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021, Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3): 41; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Subgenus Nymphalis

Subgenus Nymphalis (Nymphalis); Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021, Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3): 41

Nymphalis californica (Boisduval, 1852)

WNA. See [maps] California Tortoiseshell

Vanessa californica Boisduval, 1852; Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 (2): 306; TL: California

Eugonia californica; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23
Nymphalis californica timidar; [P&N23]
Nymphalis californica; [EBW]; [NACL], #4431; [NAB], 620; [Opler]; [NL4A], #2030; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]

951x624 (~122Kb) upperside east of Lebanon, Oregon, USA, 9-91, Photo © S. Shuichi Haupt

500x627 (~40Kb) underside USA: FR 9712 nr. Liberty, Lion Gulch, (47°15'47N 120°40'15W ±0.5km), Kittitas Co., WA, 14.8.2001, Photo © Markku Savela

Larva on Ceanothus [NAB]

N. c. californica California, ...
- Nymphalis (Nymphalis) californica californica; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis californica californica; [NL4A], #2030a; [P&N23]

N. c. herri Field, 1936

Nymphalis californica herri Field, 1936; ; TL: Washington

Nymphalis californica herri; [NACL], #4431a; [LepIndex]; [CoL]

1024x1192 (~186Kb) underside Canada, British Columbia, Genelle, 22 June 2005, Photo © Norbert Kondla

1000x1287 (~196Kb) ova Canada, British Columbia, Wanata, May 2006 (egg mass), Photo © Norbert Kondla

1228x1122 (~297Kb) ♀ underside Canada: British Columbia, Wanata, May 2006 (ovipositing on Ceanothus velutinus), Photo © Norbert Kondla

Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)

SEU, CEU, NAF, AM, Himalayas, Chitral - Murree. See [maps] Blackleg Tortoiseshell Rusałka wierzbowiec Le Grand Tortue Großer Fuchs Large Tortoiseshell Körsbärsfuks Large Tortoiseshell Olmera Kirsikkaperhonen

Papilio polychloros Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 477; TL: Sweden
Papilio testudo Esper, 1781; Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (4): 118, pl. 73, f. 1
pyrrhomelaena Hübner, [1824]
Vanessa pyromelas Freyer, [1834]
Vanessa dixeyi Standfuss, 1895
polychloros fervida Standfuss, 1896; ; TL: Volga
Vanessa polychloros lucida Fruhstorfer, 1907
Vanessa polychloros dilucidus Fruhstorfer, 1907; Int. ent. Zs. 1 (28): 208; TL: Saratow

Nymphalis (Nymphalis) polychloros; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36
Nymphalis polychloros dilucidus; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Nymphalis polychloros fervida; [LepIndex]
Nymphalis polychloros; [SPRK]; [H&R], 84; [BOW]: pl. 2, f. 26; [EBW]; [BRU2]: 29, pl. 17, f. 8-10; [Otakar Kudrna]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [Heiner Ziegler] ; [MBE] ; [MBE] ; [SVF]
Vanessa polychloros; [BIR], 216

951x624 (~105Kb) upperside Alter Hof, Berlin, Germany, 3-90, Photo © S. Shuichi Haupt	472x634 (~44Kb) pupa Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Schönenberg, Siedlungsbereich (8°49'E, 48°57'N, 250m), 04.06.2000, Photo © Karl Hofsäß	597x400 (~47Kb) larva Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch
371x550 (~42Kb) pupa Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	597x400 (~94Kb) upperside Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	600x435 (~44Kb) upperside Morocco, Tizi-n-Tretten, Moyen Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier
1400x1050 (~261Kb) underside Hibernating in an abandoned bunker, Sumava, Czech Republic observed by Libor Dvorák, 2004, Photo © NP & CHKO Sumava	795x1002 (~185Kb) underside Greece: Ipiros, Gliki, Acheron River, 9.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio Nymphalis polychloros det. Joseph Belicek	identification uncertain 795x1002 (~185Kb) underside Greece: Ipiros, Gliki, Acheron River, 9.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio
1238x816 (~141Kb) upperside Russia, Moscow area, 13.7.2012 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov	977x382 (~107Kb) upperside underside Russia, Moscow area, 12.7.2012 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov

Larva on Pyrus , Prunus , Salix , Ulmus [SPRK], Salix viminalis [BRU2]: 29

N. p. polychloros
- Nymphalis (Nymphalis) polychloros polychloros; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis polychloros polychloros; [H&R], 84
N. p. erythromelas (Austaut, 1885) W.Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
- Vanessa polychloros var. erythromelas Austaut, 1885; Le Naturaliste 7 (18): 142; TL: Nemours, Algeria
- Nymphalis (Nymphalis) polychloros erythromelas; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis erythromelas; [BOW]: pl. 2, f. 26 (text only)
- Nymphalis polychloros erythromelas; [H&R], 84; [BMAT]: 47, pl. 14, f. 4-6
600x435 (~57Kb) upperside Morocco, Djebel Lakraa, Rif, Photo © Michel Tarrier

Larva on Salix pedicellata, Ulmus campestris, U. americana, Sorbus tormilis, Pyrus communis, Malus domestica, Crataegus sp., Populus nigra, Crataegus monogyna [BMAT]

Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781)

CEU, SEEU, C.Asia, China, Japan, Baluchistan, N.Waziristan - Kumaon. See [maps] Rusałka drzewoszek Isonokkosperhonen Videfuks Large Tortoiseshell Yellow-legged Tortoisehell

Papilio xanthomelas Esper, 1781; Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (3): 77, pl. 63, f. 4
Papilio xanthomelas [Schiffermüller], 1775; Ank. syst. Schmett. Wienergegend: 175 (nom. nud.)

Nymphalis (Nymphalis) xanthomelas; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36
Nymphalis xanthomelas; [SPRK]; [H&R], 84; [BOW]: pl. 2, f. 27; [EBW]; [MRS], 572; [BRU2]; Kudrna & Belicek, 2005, Oedippus 23: 28; [Otakar Kudrna]; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [MBE] ; [MBE] ; [SVF] ; [Mario Maier]
Vanessa xanthomelas; [BIR], 216

533x400 (~51Kb) larva The Izdrevaya Rivulet valley meadow 1 km of its mouth, surroundings of Novosibirsk, West Siberia, Russia. 22nd June 1996 (A colony of caterpillars on a willow branch hanging just above the water), Photo © Oleg Kosterin	800x600 (~115Kb) underside A road in the woody (pine/birch) Zyryanka Rivulet valley, Botanical Garden, Akademgorodok [Academy Town], Novosibirsk, West Siberia, Russia. 11th April 1997, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1000x935 (~232Kb) underside A road in the woody (pine/birch) Zyryanka Rivulet valley, Botanical Garden, Akademgorodok [Academy Town], Novosibirsk, West Siberia, Russia. 11th April 1997, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
672x650 (~117Kb) underside Russia, Moscow area, 22.08.2005, Photo © D. Smirnov	1544x1028 (~203Kb) upperside Hungary: Menes Valley, Aggtelek National Park, 20.VI.2006, Photo © Szabolcs Safian	732x600 (~95Kb) upperside Russia: Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 22.08.2005, Photo © D. Smirnov
800x800 (~137Kb) upperside Russia, Siberia, Tyva Republic (Tuva), Erzin Distr., the Ubsu-Nur (Uvs-Nor) Hollow, Tes-Khem right bank floodland 5 km SW of v. Erzin, 50o15' N 95o06' E, alt. 1150-1200 m, meadows, open Betula microphylla and willow forests. 13th July 2000, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1210x510 (~99Kb) larva Russia, Moscow area, 15.6.2011 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov	1002x476 (~89Kb) pupa Russia, Moscow area, 22.6.2011 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov
1163x821 (~146Kb) upperside Russia, Moscow area, 28.6.2011 (36°25'E, 56°00'N) ex.l., Photo © D. Smirnov	730x760 (~104Kb) underside Russia, Moscow area, 28.6.2011 (36°25'E, 56°00'N) ex.l., Photo © D. Smirnov

Larva on Salix elegans, Pistacia integerrima, Celtis australis [BIR], Salix [SPRK], Salix excelsa [BRU2]: 28

N. x. xanthomelas CEU, SEEU, Caucasus, Siberia, Far East, Amur, Ussuri
- cibinensis Dannehl, 1925
- Nymphalis xanthomelas chosenessa Bryk, 1946
- Nymphalis (Nymphalis) xanthomelas xanthomelas; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis xanthomelas chosenessa; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
- Nymphalis xanthomelas xanthomelas; [BRU2], 28; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [iNaturalist]
N. x. hazara Wyatt & Omoto, 1966 Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan, Saur, Tarbagatai
- Nymphalis (Nymphalis) xanthomelas hazara; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis xanthomelas hazara; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36
N. x. modesta Bryk, 1946
N. x. mongolica Bryk, 1946
N. x. japonica (Stichel, 1902) Japan, Sakhalin, Kuriles
- Vanessa xanthomelas japonica Stichel, 1902
- Vaenssa xanthomelas japonica ab. tezukae Yagi, 1922; Ber. Ohara inst. landw. Forsch. 2 (2): 233, pl. 13, f. 1; TL: Mt Taro, Shinano pref.
- Vanessa xanthomelas sachalinensis Matsumura, 1925; J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido imp. Univ. 15: 97, pl. 8, f. 10 ♂; TL: Sakhalin
- Vanessa xanthomelas jezoensis Matsumura, 1925; J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido imp. Univ. 15: 97, pl. 8, f. 11 ♂; TL: Hokkaido, Sapporo
- Nymphalis (Nymphalis) xanthomelas japonica; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 105; [BOW]: pl. 2, f. 27 (text only); [BRU2], 28; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis xanthomelas sachalinensis; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
N. x. formosana (Matsumura, 1925) Formosa
- Vanessa xanthomelas formosana Matsumura, 1925; J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido imp. Univ. 15: 97, pl. 8, f. 12 ♂; TL: Formosa
- Nymphalis (Nymphalis) xanthomelas formosana; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis xanthomelas formosana; [MRS], 572
640x464 (~69Kb) upperside Taiwan, Photo © Felix Lin 640x451 (~40Kb) underside Taiwan, Photo © Felix Lin
N. x. anna Krzywicki, 1967
- Nymphalis xanthomelas anna Krzywicki, 1967; Ann. zool. Warsz. 25 (1): (1-213) ; TL: Bielowieza, Poland
- Nymphalis xanthomelas anna; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
N. x. fervescens (Stichel, [1908]) Transcaucasia, Kopet-Dagh
- Vanessa xanthomelas fervescens Stichel, [1908]; ; TL: Mardan, India
- fervida Staudinger, 1901; (preocc.)
- Nymphalis xanthomelas fervescens; [MRS], 572; [BRU2], 28; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Subgenus Aglais Dalman, 1816

Aglais Dalman, 1816; K. VetenskAcad. Handl. 1816 (1): 56; TS: Papilio urticae Linnaeus
Subgenus Ichnusa Reuss, 1939 (Aglais); Ent. Zs. 53 (1) (1): 3; TS: Papilio (Vanessa) ichnusa Bonelli
- = Aglais; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Subgenus Aglais (Nymphalis); Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2020, Taxonomic Rep. 8 (7): 21; Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021, Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3): 41
Aglais; [P&N23]; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [NHM-BMW]
Aglais (Nymphalidae); [BRU2], 29
Aglais (Nymphalini); Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Ichnusa; [NHM-BMW]

Nymphalis urticae (Linnaeus, 1758)

EU, Asia Minor, C.Asia, Siberia, China, Mongolia, Korea. See [maps] Small Tortoiseshell Rusałka pokrzywnik Mountain Tortoiseshell Nokkosperhonen Kleiner Fuchs La Petite Tortue Nässelfjäril Ortiguera

Papilio urticae Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 477
ichnusoides Sélys, 1837
atrebatensis Boisduval, 1873
osborni Donckier de Douceel, 1881
Vanessa urticae var. alba Cosmovici, 1892; Le Naturaliste (2) 6 (136): 255
nigricaria de Moffarte, 1895
discolor Rühl, 1896
pygmaea Rühl, 1896
nigrita Fickert, 1897
thibetana Austaut, 1898; ; TL: Tibet
turcicoides Staudinger, 1901; ; TL: Turkmenistan
conjuncta Neuburger, 1905
dannenbergi Neuburg, 1905
?xanthomeleana repetita Jachontov, 1905
consentanea Jachontov, 1906
bolandii Lambillion, 1907
brunneoviolacea Raynor, 1909
alba Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
flavotessellata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
ignea Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
ioformis Raynor, 1909
lutea Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
magniguttata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
magnilunulata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
magninotata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
magnipuncta Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
nubilata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
parviguttata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
parvipuncta Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
punctijuncta Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
radiata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
strigata Raynor, 1909; ; TL: Essex, England
subtusornata Reuss, 1910
pseudoconnexa Cabeau, 1911; ; TL: Belgium
erythrophaea Fritsch, 1913; ; TL: Germany
fervida Fritsch, 1913; ; TL: Germany
teruelensis Sheldon, 1913
fasciata Manslowscy, 1923; ; TL: Poland
obtusa Bang-Haas, 1927; ; TL: Kansu, China
semiichnusoides Pronin, 1928; ; TL: Germany
Vanessa urticae coreensis Kleinschmidt, 1929
Aglais urticae variegata de Sagarra, 1930; Butll. Inst. catal. Hist. nat. (2) 10 (7): 113
Aglais urticae f. pseudoichnusa de Sagarra, 1930; Butll. Inst. catal. Hist. nat. (2) 10 (7): 114
impuncta Lempke, 1931; Belgium

Aglais urticae variegata; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Aglais urticae; [SPRK]; [H&R], 87; [BOW]: pl. 1, f. 11; [EBW]; [MRS], 569; [BMAT]: 104, pl. 32, f. 28 (two records in N.Africa); [BRU2]: 29, pl. 19, f. 1-9; [Opler]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; Yakovlev, 2012, Nota lepid. 35 (1): 87; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [Heiner Ziegler] ; [MBE] ; [MBE] ; [BAMONA] ; [Mario Maier]
Nymphalis (Aglais) urticae; [RFEL]
Nymphalis polychloros fervida; [CoL]
Nymphalis urticae; [Otakar Kudrna]
Vanessa urticae; Grum-Grshimailo, 1890, in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 425; [BIR], 215

1200x873 (~91Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, 671:53, 7.8.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	500x378 (~125Kb) Plymbridge woods, Devon, UK 24/06/95, Photo © Simon Coombes	600x435 (~32Kb) upperside FINLAND: Ab: Suomusjärvi, 669:31, 28.4.1997, Photo © Markku Savela
800x600 (~112Kb) ♂ ♀ upperside The Zyryanka Rivulet valley, the surroundings of Akademgorodok [Academy Town], Novosibirsk, West Siberia, Russia. 7th April 1995 (Playing male and female), Photo © Oleg Kosterin	400x533 (~52Kb) pupa Nettle (Urtica cannabina L.) thickets in ravines on the south-exposed slopes of the mountain Kuku-Khadan on the northern bank of Lake Zun-Torei, Onon District, SE Chita Province, Siberia, Rissia (just at the Mongolian border). 24th June 1995, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	636x574 (~43Kb) underside An Irtysh River left arm within the city of Omsk, West Siberia, Russia. 29th July 1998 (on Butomus umbellatus), Photo © Oleg Kosterin
474x671 (~25Kb) pupa Nettle (Urtica cannabina L.) thickets in ravines on the south- exposed slopes of the mountain Kuku-Khadan on the northern bank of Lake Zun-Torei, Onon District, SE Chita Province, Siberia, Rissia (just at the Mongolian border) (A just hatched pupa, still soft and not fully coloured, which is sucked by a group of bugs (not carnivorous ones!)). 24th June 1995, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	590x400 (~70Kb) larva Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	600x400 (~44Kb) upperside Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch
1000x760 (~88Kb) upperside FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, Virojoki 671:53, 26.8.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	600x800 (~89Kb) Sweden, Ekebo, Julita, 30.6.2002(?), Photo © Leif Wahlberg	600x800 (~87Kb) Sweden, Ekebo, Julita, 4.8.2003, Photo © Leif Wahlberg
779x584 (~102Kb) Sweden, Ekebo, Julita, 2.9.2003, Photo © Leif Wahlberg	1100x1005 (~128Kb) upperside Russia, Udmurtia, Izhevsk (parklike areas along shore of "Izhevsky Prud"), 5.8.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	1095x749 (~133Kb) larva Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 16.6.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov
687x605 (~113Kb) upperside Russia: Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 08.08.2007, Photo © D. Smirnov	976x457 (~99Kb) larva Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 30.7.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov	517x831 (~87Kb) pupa Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 3.8.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov
1016x707 (~110Kb) upperside Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 19.8.2009 (ex.l), Photo © D. Smirnov	1013x792 (~369Kb) larva Russia, Western Siberia, Tomsk region., Bakcharsky rn, p. Plotnikovo, big pond. July 21, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	833x1210 (~244Kb) larva A mature larva. A birch/larch forest edge on the Akkem River left bank terrace at the Kuzuyak Brook mouth, Katunskii Range southern foot, Central [Russian] Altai Mts., Ust'-Koksa District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 6th July 2007, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
800x578 (~66Kb) larva Finland, Järvenpää 670:39, 29.6.1977, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen

Larva on Urtica , U. urens, U. dioeca, Humulus lupulus [SPRK], Urticaceae [MRS], Urtica angustifolia, Cannabis sativa [BRU2]: 30

N. u. urticae EU, W.Siberia - Altai
- Aglais urticae urticae; [H&R], 87; [BRU2], 30; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) urticae urticae; [Joseph Belicek]
N. u. polaris (Staudinger, 1871) N.Europe, Siberia, Far East
- Aglais urticae polaris Staudinger, 1871
- Aglais urticae polaris; [BRU2], 30; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37; [iNaturalist]
N. u. turcica (Staudinger, 1871) SEU, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Kopet-Dagh, Middle Asia
- Aglais urticae turcica; [BRU2], 30; [iNaturalist]
N. u. baicalensis (Kleinschmidt, 1929) Sayan, Transbaikalia
- Aglais urticae baicalensis Kleinschmidt, 1929
- Aglais urticae baicalensis; [BRU2], 30; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
N. u. eximia (Sheljuzhko, 1919) Amur, Ussuri
- ussuriensis Kleinschmidt, 1929
- mandschuriensis Kleinschmidt, 1929
- Aglais urticae eximia; [BRU2], 30; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
N. u. stoetzneri (Kleinschmidt, 1929) Szechuan
- urticae stoetzneri Kleinschmidt, 1929; ; TL: Szechuan
- Aglais urticae stoetzneri; [BRU2], 30
N. u. kansuensis (Kleinschmidt, 1940)
- Vanessa urticae kansuensis Kleinschmidt, 1940; ; TL: NW.China
- Aglais urticae kansuensis; [MRS], 569
- Nymphalis (Aglais) urticae kansuensis; [Joseph Belicek]
N. u. chinensis Leech, 1893
- urticae chinensis Leech, 1893; Butts China Japan Corea (1): 258, pl. 25, f. 1
- Aglais nixa chinensis; [BRU2], 31
- Aglais urticae chinensis; [MRS], 569; Huang, 2003, Neue Ent. Nachr. 55: 80 (note); [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) urticae chinensis; [Joseph Belicek]
N. u. connexa (Butler, [1882]) S.Ussuri, S.Sakhalin, Kuriles, Japan
- Vanessa connexa Butler, [1882]; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881 (4): 851; TL: Toshima, Hokkaido
- Vanessa urticae connexa ab. kaiensis Kanda & Fujimori, 1931; Zephyrus 3 (3/4): 174
- Aglais connexa; [BRU2]: 30, pl. 19, f. 10-12; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37
- Aglais urticae conexa[sic, connexa]; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 107
- Aglais urticae connexa; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) connexa; [RFEL]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) urticae connexa; [Joseph Belicek]
- Vanessa connexa; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]

Nymphalis ichnusa (Hübner, [1823-1824])

Corsica, Sardinia. See [maps]

Papilio ichnusa Hübner, [1823-1824]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [1]: pl. 170, f. 840
Papilio (Vanessa) ichnusa Bonelli, 1826; Mem. Acc. Sci. Torino 30: 174, 186, pl. 2, f. 2

Aglais ichnusa; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]
Aglais urticae ichnusa; [H&R], 88
Nymphalis (Aglais) ichnusa; [Joseph Belicek]
Nymphalis ichnusa; [Otakar Kudrna]

1600x1246 (~300Kb) ♂ upperside Corsica, Ventiseri, 5.VI.1971, e.l, coll. NMSB, Photo © O. Kudrna

1600x1243 (~209Kb) ♂ underside Corsica, Ventiseri, 5.VI.1971, e.l, coll. NMSB, Photo © O. Kudrna

Nymphalis caschmirensis (Kollar, [1844])

Himalaya, ?Pamirs. See [maps] Indian Tortoiseshell

Vanessa caschmirensis Kollar, [1844]; in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4: 442, pl. 9, f. 3-4; TL: Kashmir
Vanessa caschmirensis aesis Fruhstorfer, 1912; in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 527

Aglais caschmirensis; [BOW]: pl. 1, f. 11 (text only); [EBW]; [BRU2]: 31, pl. 20, f. 4-6; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]
Aglais cashmirensis aesis; Morishita & Inomata, 1998, Trans. lepid. Soc. Japan 49 (1): 6
Aglais kaschmirensis[sic]; auct.
Vanessa caschmirensis aesis; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Vanessa caschmirensis; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]
Vanessa cashmiriensis[sic, caschmirensis]; [BIR], 214

1600x1200 (~208Kb) upperside India: Kalimpong nr. Darjeeling, 10.10.1960 (T.W. Davies leg.), Photo © Norbert Kondla

1600x1200 (~242Kb) underside India: Kalimpong nr. Darjeeling, 10.10.1960 (T.W. Davies leg.), Photo © Norbert Kondla

1400x1072 (~164Kb) upperside Nepal: Thorung Phedi, between Manang and Muktinath, 4400m, 16.6.2007, Photo © Visa Mäkelä

N. c. caschmirensis
- Aglais caschmirensis caschmirensis; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) caschmirensis caschmirensis; [Joseph Belicek]

N. c. nixa (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W.China

Vanessa urticae var. nixa Grum-Grshimailo, 1890; in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 426

Aglais caschmirensis nixa; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37
Aglais nixa; [BRU2]: 30, pl. 19, f. 13-18
Aglais urticae nixa;
Nymphalis (Aglais) caschmirensis nixa; [Joseph Belicek]

533x400 (~60Kb) upperside A large-stoned scree, at about 2500 m altitude in the headwaters of the Artuch River, Fanskie Gory - a mountain massif between the Zeravshanskii and Ghissarskii mountain ranges, Tadjikistan. 30th April 1991, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

Nymphalis rizana (Moore, 1872) Pamirs-Alai, Afghanistan, NW.Himalayas. See [maps]
- Vanessa rizana Moore, 1872; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 (2): 559; TL: Cheeni, Middle Kunawur, NW. Himalaya
- Aglais rizana; [BRU2]: 31, pl. 20, f. 1-3; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) rizana; [Joseph Belicek]
Nymphalis ladakensis (Moore, 1878) W.Himalayas - Tibet. See [maps] Ladak Tortoiseshell
- Vanessa ladakensis Moore, 1878; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1 (3): 227; TL: Gogra, Changchenmo (15000ft), Ladak; Karatagh lake, on snow (16890ft), Yarkund
- Aglais ladakensis; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37 (?); [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) ladakensis; [Joseph Belicek]
- Vanessa ladakensis; [BIR], 215

Nymphalis milberti (Godart, 1819)

California - Canada - Virginia, Oklahoma. See [maps] Fire-rim Tortoiseshell Milbert's Tortoiseshell

Vanessa milberti Godart, 1819; Encyclopédie Méthodique 9 (1): 307

Aglais melbirti[sic, milberti]; Edwards, 1872
Aglais milberti; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23; [EBW]; [NACL], #4433; [NAB], 622; [Opler]; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]
Nymphalis milberti; [BOW]: pl. 14. f. 12; [GALEPS]

800x532 (~84Kb) upperside USA: Glacier Basin Path, Mt. Rainier, (46°57'12N 121°40'09W), Pierce Co., WA, 21.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	600x516 (~42Kb) upperside USA: FR 9711, (47°18'23N 120°36'31W), Kittitas Co., WA, 7.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	1200x991 (~156Kb) USA: Washington, Skagit Co., Sauk Mountain Trail Head & Trail, 15.8.2012, Photo © Markku Savela
1600x1178 (~242Kb) upperside Canada: Savona, British Columbia, 14.9.2009 (D.L. Threatful coll.), Photo © Norbert Kondla	1600x1183 (~268Kb) underside Canada: Savona, British Columbia, 14.9.2009 (D.L. Threatful coll.), Photo © Norbert Kondla

Larva on Urtica [NAB]

N. m. milberti
- Aglais milberti milberti; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) milberti milberti; [Joseph Belicek]
N. m. furcillata (Say, 1825)
- Vanessa furcillata Say, 1825
- Vanessa milberti var. subpallida Cockerell, 1889; Ent.: 185; TL: Colorado
- Aglais rothkei Gunder, 1927; ; TL: Pennsylvania
- Aglais milberti furcillata; [NACL], #4433a; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
- Aglais milberti subpallida; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) milberti furcillata; [Joseph Belicek]
N. m. viola (dos Passos, 1938) Newfoundland
- Aglais milberti viola dos Passos, 1938; Can. Ent. 70 (4): (72-73); TL: Doyles Station, Newfoundland
- Aglais milberti viola; [NACL], #4433b; [P&N23]; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
- Nymphalis (Aglais) milberti viola; [Joseph Belicek]
N. m. pullum (Austin, 1998) Arizona
- Aglais milberti pullum Austin, 1998; Syst. W. N. Am. Butts. (46): 578, f. 21-24; TL: White Mountains, Arizona
- Aglais milberti pullum; [P&N23]; [BOA]

Subgenus Euvanessa Scudder, 1889

Euvanessa Scudder, 1889; Butts eastern U.S. Canada 1: 387; TS: Papilio antiopa Linnaeus
- = Nymphalis; [NL4A], 249; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Scudderia Grote, 1873; Can. Ent. 5 (8): 144 (preocc. Scudderia Stål, 1873); TS: Papilio antiopa Linnaeus
- = Nymphalis; [NL4A], 249; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Antiopana Korb, 2005; A catalogue of butterflies of the ex-USSR: ?; TS: Papilio antiopa Linnaeus
- = Nymphalis;

Antiopana; [NHM-BMW]
Euvanessa; [NHM-BMW]
Scudderia; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [NHM-BMW]

Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)

EU, Temperate Eurasia, Chumbi Valley, Bhutan, NA, Mexico. See [maps] Rusałka żałobnik Sorgmantel Antiopa Mourning Cloak Trauermantel Camberwell Beauty Suruvaippa Le Morio

Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 476; TL: Sweden, America
morio (Retzius, 1783)
?hippolita (Skinner, 1898)
pusilla Strand, 1901; Schrift. Nat. Ges. Danzig, (N.F.) 10: 285
Vanessa antiopa ab. transiens Lütkemeyer, 1920; Ent. Zs. 34 (13): 51
Vanessa borealis Wnukowsky, 1927

Euvanessa antiopa; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23
Nymphalis (Nymphalis) antiopa; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36
Nymphalis antiopa borealis; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Nymphalis antiopa; [SPRK]; [H&R], 83; [BOW]: pl. 2, f. 25; [EBW]; [NACL], #4432; [MRS], 571; [BMAT]: 104, pl. 32, f. 26 (not in N.Africa); [BRU2]: 29, pl. 18, f. 4-6; [Opler]; [NL4A], #2029; [Otakar Kudrna]; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [Heiner Ziegler] ; [MBE] ; [MBE] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA] ; [SVF] ; [GALEPS] ; [Mario Maier]
Vanessa antiopa; Godman & Salvin, [1882], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 215; Godman & Salvin, [1901], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 682; [BIR], 217
Vanessa antiopa ab. pusilla; Strand, 1912, Ent. Zs. 25 (49): 253

640x430 (~34Kb) larva Southern Poland, Pieniny Mts., 20.7.1996, Photo © Marek Michalski	624x951 (~62Kb) pupa Sukayu, Aomori, Japan, 8-90, Photo © S. Shuichi Haupt	951x624 (~135Kb) upperside Sukayu, Aomori, Japan, 8-90, Photo © S. Shuichi Haupt
797x400 (~63Kb) larva An edge of a riparian poplar wood in the valley of the Shivilig- Khem River just leaving the mountains, the southern foot of the East Tannu-Ola mounatin range, Tes-Khem District, Tuva Republic, Siberia, Russia. 17th July 1990, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1000x685 (~80Kb) upperside FINLAND, Ab: Suomusjärvi, 669:31, 6.9.1998, Photo © Markku Savela	900x625 (~80Kb) upperside Finland, Järvenpää, 670:39, 16.8.1980, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen
597x400 (~65Kb) larva Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	597x400 (~67Kb) upperside Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	600x812 (~73Kb) pupa FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, 671:53, 12.8.2000, Photo © Markku Savela
991x712 (~128Kb) upperside Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 30.8.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov	830x634 (~110Kb) upperside Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 30.8.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov	739x691 (~105Kb) underside Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 30.8.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov
1200x811 (~221Kb) larva USA: Alabama, 12.5.2001, Photo © Vitaly Charny	1315x1070 (~185Kb) upperside USA: Alabama, 9.4.2000, Photo © Vitaly Charny	1000x905 (~156Kb) underside USA: Alabama, 20.5.2001, Photo © Vitaly Charny

Larva on Salix , S. pentandra, S. starkeana, S. caprea, S. aurita, S. cinerea, S. phylicifolia, Betula sp., B. verrucosa, Alnus incana, Populus tremula [SPRK], Populus spp., Ulmus spp., Betula chinensis [MRS]

N. a. antiopa Sweden, ...
- Papilio pompadour Pollich, 1781; ; TL: Germany
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- var. hygiea (Heydenreich, 1846) (Vanessa); Verz. eur. Schmett.: 7 (nom. nud.)
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- ab. hygiaea (Heydenreich, 1851) (Vanessa); ; TL: ?
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- Vanessa lintnerii Fitch, 1856; ; TL: New York
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- Vanessa thomsonii Butler, 1887; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 (110): 104; TL: "British Honduras?"
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- var. obscura (Cockerell, 1890) (Vanessa); ; TL: New York
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- ab. hippolyta (Lyman, 1898) (Vanessa); ; TL: Canada
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- var. grandis (Ehrmann, 1900) (Vanessa); Can. Ent. 32 (11): 348; TL: Pennsylvania
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- Vanessa betulae Fabricius, 1938; (repl. name)
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- Vanessa bibla Fabricius, 1938; ; TL: Pennsylvania
  - = ; [NL4A], #2029a
- Euvanessa antiopa hygiaea; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23
- Nymphalis (Euvanessa) antiopa antiopa; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis antiopa antiopa; [NL4A], #2029a; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]

N. a. hyperborea (Seitz, 1914)

Vanessa antiopa hyperborea Seitz, 1914; ; TL: Alaska

Nymphalis (Euvanessa) antiopa hyperborea; [Joseph Belicek]
Nymphalis antiopa hyperborea; [NACL], #4432a

1600x1200 (~373Kb) larva Canada: ex ova, June 2006 (2md. 3rd & 4th instars, on Ulmus americana), Photo © Joseph Belicek

1600x1200 (~225Kb) ova Canada: Edmonton, Alberta, 7.5.2006 (on Ulmus americana), Photo © Joseph Belicek

N. a. asopos (Fruhstorfer, 1909) Japan
- Vanessa (Euvanessa) antiopa asopos Fruhstorfer, 1909; Int. ent. Zs. 3 (17): 94; TL: Japan
- Nymphalis antiopa asopos; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 106; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
1600x1200 (~294Kb) Japan, Hokkaido, Mt. Kariba, 18. VIII. 1990, Photo © Joseph Belicek
N. a. yedanula (Fruhstorfer, 1909) Sichuan
- Vanessa antiopa yedanula Fruhstorfer, 1909; Int. ent. Zs. 3 (17): 94; TL: Szetchuan, Siao-Lou
- Nymphalis antiopa yedanula; [LepIndex]; [CoL]

Nymphalis cyanomelas (Doubleday, [1848]) Mexico - El Salvador. See [maps]
- Vanessa cyanomelas Doubleday, [1848]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 201 (Lep.), (1): pl. 26, f. 5 ; TL: Mexico
- Nymphalis (Euvanessa) cyanomelas; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis cyanomelas; [NL4A], #2031; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
- Vanessa cyanomelas; Godman & Salvin, [1882], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 215; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]
1600x1127 (~330Kb) upperside Honduras: Photo Joseph Belicek © BMNH 1600x1200 (~285Kb) underside Honduras: Photo Joseph Belicek © BMNH

Miller & Miller, 1990. The Entomologist 109(2): 106-115.
"... From the mountains of Mexico to El Salvador, the striking, steel-blue N. cyanomelas flies in cloud forest patches, which often are completely surrounded by drier upland areas in which typical antiopa may occur."

Subgenus Inachis Hübner, [1819]

Inachis Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bek. Schmett. (3): 37; TS: Papilio io Linnaeus
- = Aglais; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Hamadryas Hübner, [1806]; Tentamen determinationis digestionis ...: [1] (reject.); TS: Papilio io Linnaeus

Subgenus Inachis (Nymphalis); Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021, Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3): 41
Inachis; [NHM-BMW]
Inachis (Nymphalidae); [BRU2], 26
Inachis (Nymphalini); Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37

Nymphalis io (Linnaeus, 1758)

EU, Temperate Asia, Japan. See [maps] Tagpfauenauge Påfågelsöga Peacock Neitoperhonen Pavo Real Paon de Jour Rusałka pawik

Papilio io Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 472
ioides Ochsenheimer, 1807; Schmett. Europa 1 (1): 109
sardoa Staudinger, 1871; ; TL: Sardinia
exoculata Weymer, 1878
dyophtalmica Garbini, 1883
veronensis Garbini, 1883
belisaria Oberthür, 1889
fischeri Standfuss, 1892
calorefacta Urech, 1897
jocaste Urech, 1897
narses Schultz, 1899
pavo Stichel, 1902
cyanosticta Raynor, 1903
fulva Oudemans, 1905
Inachis io ab. oligoio Reuss, 1939; Ent. Zs. 53 (1) (1): 3

Inachis io; [H&R]; [BOW]: pl. 2, f. 17; [EBW]; [MRS], 576; [BMAT]: 104, pl. 32, 27 (Algiers, 1961); [BRU2]: 26, pl. 20, f. 7-9; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37; [SVF] ; [Mario Maier]
Nymphalis (Inachis) io; [RFEL]
Nymphalis io; [SPRK]; [Otakar Kudrna]; [LepIndex]

500x383 (~55Kb) upperside Plymbridge woods, Devon, UK 15/08/92, Photo © Simon Coombes	500x438 (~26Kb) upperside Finland, Kangasala, Murto, 6818:340, 25.8.1996, Photo © Tero Piirainen	533x400 (~49Kb) upperside A valley meadow at the Shadrikha Rivulet at the village Mel'nichikha, Novosibirsk District and Province, West Siberia, Russia. 24th May 1992, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
512x768 (~64Kb) upperside Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Ötisheim, 8° 49' E, 48° 58' N, altitude 300m, 15.10.1995, Photo © Karl Hofsäß	600x673 (~52Kb) larva Finland, Askola, ex.l. 17.7.1977, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen	520x785 (~45Kb) pupa Finland, Askola, ex.l. 17.7.1977, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen
900x1074 (~131Kb) upperside Finland, Helsinki 3.8.1980, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen	596x400 (~75Kb) larva Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	400x598 (~40Kb) pupa Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch
592x400 (~75Kb) upperside Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	600x800 (~72Kb) Sweden, Ekebo, Julita, 8.8.2003, Photo © Leif Wahlberg	800x600 (~95Kb) larva Sweden, Ekebo, Julita, 13.7.2004, Photo © Leif Wahlberg
800x467 (~91Kb) larva Russia, Moscow area, 1.7.2005 (young), Photo © D. Smirnov	960x768 (~158Kb) Russia, Moscow area, 3.8.2005, Photo © D. Smirnov	568x642 (~96Kb) underside Russia, Moscow area, 09.08.2005, Photo © D. Smirnov
900x628 (~63Kb) FINLAND, Ab: Suomusjärvi, 669:31, 13.9.1998, Photo © Markku Savela

Larva on Urtica dioeca [SPRK], Humulus lupulus, Urtica angustifolia, Urticaceae [MRS]

N. i. io
- Inachis io io; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37
- Nymphalis (Inachis) io io; [Joseph Belicek]
N. i. caucasica (Jachontov, 1912) Azerbaijan
- Nymphalis (Inachis) io caucasica; [Joseph Belicek]
N. i. geisha (Stichel, 1908) Japan, Far East
- Inachis io geisha; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 37
- Nymphalis (Inachis) io geisha; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis io geisha; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 106; [RFEL]; [LepIndex]

Subgenus Roddia Korshunov, 1995

Roddia Korshunov, 1995; Butts. Asian Russia: 81; TS: Papilio l-album Esper
- = Nymphalis; [NL4A], 250; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Subgenus Roddia (Nymphalis); Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021, Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3): 41
Roddia; [NHM-BMW]

Nymphalis l-album (Esper, 1781)

EEU, Temperate Asia, China, Japan. See [maps] Poppelfuks Weißes L Rusałka laik Vitfläckad Fuks Compton Tortoiseshell False Comma Valkotäplänokkosperhonen

Papilio l-album Esper, 1781; Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (3): 69, (2): pl. 62, f. 3a, 3b; TL: "Ungarn & Oesterreich"
Papilio vau album [= vaualbum] Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775; Ank. syst. Schmett. Wienergegend: 176 (nom. nud.); TL: Vienna
Vanessa l-album ab. chelone Schultz, 1903; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 15 (2): 324; TL: Oesterreich
Vanessa l-album ab. contexta Schultz, 1908; Soc. Ent. 22 (23): 177
Polygonia l-album ab. koentzeyi Diószeghy, 1913; Rovartani Lapok 20: 193; TL: [W.Romania, Arad] Ineu
?Polygonia l.album[sic] ab. immaculata Diószeghy, 1935; Verh. Sieben. Ver. Nat. 83-84: 111
Polygonia l-album f. mureisana Matsumura, 1939; Bull. biogeogr. Soc. Japan 9 (20): 356; TL: Mt. Murei

Nymphalis (Roddia) vau-album[sic, vaualbum]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36
Nymphalis (Roddia) vaualbum; [RFEL]
Nymphalis l-album; [SPRK]; Kudrna & Belicek, 2005, Oedippus 23: 28; [Otakar Kudrna]; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
Nymphalis vau-album; [H&R], 85; [EBW]; [NACL], #4430; [NAB], 619; [MRS], 573
Nymphalis vaualbum; [BRU2]: 28, pl. 17, f. 1-7; [LEPIFORUM] ; [MBE] ; [MBE] ; [BAMONA] ; [SVF]
Polygonia l-album; [BOW]: pl. 197, f. 6; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]
Roddia l-album; [Joseph Belicek]
Roddia vaualbum; [Opler]

2272x1704 (~249Kb) ♀ upperside Russia, Ekaterinburg suburb, Shabrovskiy village, 2-7 August 2002, Photo 2006 © Norbert Kondla	2272x1704 (~288Kb) ♀ underside Russia, Ekaterinburg suburb, Shabrovskiy village, 2-7 August 2002, Photo 2006 © Norbert Kondla	691x1108 (~126Kb) pupa A Spiraea hypericifolia bush on a meadow on the Katun' River right bank at the very Akkem River mouth, on its W side. Katunskii Range southern foot, Central [Russian] Altai Mts., Ust'-Koksa District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 7th July 2007, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
731x956 (~148Kb) pupa A Spiraea hypericifolia bush on a meadow on the Katun' River right bank at the very Akkem River mouth, on its W side. Katunskii Range southern foot, Central [Russian] Altai Mts., Ust'-Koksa District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 7th July 2007, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	977x956 (~394Kb) upperside Russia, Khabarovskiy Kray, Khabarovsk southern env., Bychikha village. 7th July 2014, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	800x606 (~88Kb) underside A high right board of the Inya River valley at the Razyezd Inya railway station, Novsibirsk, West Siberia, Russia. 22nd April 2000 (sipping sap from a vounded birch), Photo © Oleg Kosterin
660x620 (~152Kb) underside Russia, Moscow area, 21.7.2012 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov

Larva on Hippophae , Populus , Salix , Ulmus [SPRK]

N. l. l-album
- Nymphalis (Roddia) l-album l-album; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis l-album l-album; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis vau-album vau-album[sic, vaualbum]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36

N. l. samurai (Fruhstorfer, 1907) Japan, Sakhalin

Vanessa l-album samurai Fruhstorfer, 1907; Soc. Ent. 22 (8): 60; TL: Hondo, Japan

Nymphalis (Roddia) l-album samurai; [Joseph Belicek]
Nymphalis vau-album samurai; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36
Nymphalis vaualbum samurai; [BRU2], 28; [RFEL]
Polygonia vau-album samurai; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 105

1600x1200 (~349Kb) ♂ upperside Mt. Asahi, nr. Kawara Hut, Yamanochi-cho, Nagano Pref., Japan, 22.VII.2002, Photo © Joseph Belicek

1600x1200 (~259Kb) ♂ underside Mt. Asahi, nr. Kawara Hut, Yamanochi-cho, Nagano Pref., Japan, 22.VII.2002, Photo © Joseph Belicek

N. l. arbustus Churkin & Zhdanko, 2002 Kirghizstan
- Nymphalis (Roddia) l-album arbustus; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis vau-album arbustus; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36

Nymphalis j-album (Boisduval & Leconte, 1833)

Alaska - British Columbia, Canada - Michigan. See [maps]

j-album (Boisduval & Leconte, 1833); Hist. Lép. Am. Sept. (11-22): 185
pocahontas (Scudder, 1889)
Grapta j-album aureomarginata Cockerell, 1889; Entomologist 22 (311): 100
Aglais l-album watsoni Hall, 1924

Eugonia j-album; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23
Nymphalis (Roddia) j-album; [Joseph Belicek]
Nymphalis j-album; [Dave Nunnallee]
Nymphalis l-album j-album; [Jonathan Pelham]; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
Nymphalis l-album watsoni; [P&N23]
Nymphalis vau-album j-album; [NACL], #4430a
Nymphalis vau-album watsoni; [NACL], #4430b
Polygonia j-album; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 24

1600x1200 (~328Kb) ♂ upperside Canada, Manitoba, Fisher Branch, 22.7.1955, Photo © Joseph Belicek	1600x1200 (~285Kb) ♂ underside Canada, British Columbia, Blue River, 2003, Photo © Joseph Belicek	800x599 (~139Kb) underside USA, Alaska, mile 17.5 Chena Hot Springs Road east of Fairbanks, 25. I. 2005 (hibernating in a shed), Photo © Kenelm W. Philip
800x600 (~73Kb) ♀ upperside Alaska, Mosquito Lake Store, off mile 27 Haines Highway, 23 Sept. 1984, Pam Moore, leg., Photo © Kenelm W. Philip	800x600 (~78Kb) ♀ underside Alaska, Mosquito Lake Store, off mile 27 Haines Highway, 23 Sept. 1984, Pam Moore, leg., Photo © Kenelm W. Philip	800x600 (~93Kb) upperside Alaska, nr. Fairbanks, summer 2004, Photo © Kenelm W. Philip
800x600 (~71Kb) underside mile 2.6 on the Forest access road near Fairbanks, Alaska feeding on aphid exudate, 20 July, 2005, Photo © Kenelm W. Philip	1631x1591 (~540Kb) ♀ underside Canada, British Columbia, 3km W of Nelway, 21.7.2006, Photo © Norbert Kondla	1410x1457 (~428Kb) ♂ underside Canada, British Columbia, Pend-d'Oreile valley, Tillicum Creek, 21.7.2006, Photo © Norbert Kondla
1600x1062 (~184Kb) ova USA: Sinhalekin Wildlife Area, Okanogan Co., Washington, 16.4.2007 (eggs 0.9mm on Betula papyrifera), Photo © Dave Nunnallee	1600x1074 (~388Kb) ♂ upperside USA: Slate Creek Road, Metaline Falls, Pend Oreille Co., Washington, 13.8.2007, Photo © Dave Nunnallee

Larva on Betula papyrifera [Dave Nunnallee], Ulmus americana?, ;

Subgenus Polygonia Hübner, [1819]

Polygonia Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bek. Schmett. (3): 36; TS: Papilio c-aureum Linnaeus
Eugonia Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bek. Schmett. (3): 36; TS: Papilio angelica Stoll
- = Polygonia; [NL4A], 250; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Comma Rennie, 1832; Conspectus Butts. Moths: 8; TS: Papilio c-album Linnaeus
- = Polygonia; [NL4A], 250; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Grapta Kirby, 1837; Faun Bor.-Am. [4]: 292; TS: Vanessa c-argenteum Kirby
- = Polygonia; [NL4A], 250; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Subgenus Polygonia (Nymphalis); Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2020, Taxonomic Rep. 8 (7): 21; Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021, Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3): 41
Comma; [NHM-BMW]
Eugonia; [NHM-BMW]
Grapta; Godman & Salvin, [1882], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 216; [NHM-BMW]
Polygonia; [P&N23]; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [NHM-BMW] ; [NHM-BMW] ; [NHM-BMW]
Polygonia (Nymphalidae); [BRU2], 26
Polygonia (Nymphalini); [NL4A], 250; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Nymphalis c-aureum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Amur, NE.China, Korea, Japan. See [maps] Asian Comma

Papilio c-aureum Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 477
?c-aureum Linnaeus, 1767
f. pryeri Janson, 1877
Polygonia c-aureum ab. atra Naito, 1930; Zephyrus 2 (4): 204
c-aureum coreana Bryk, 1946

Polygonia c-aureum; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 105; [EBW]; [BOW]: pl. 197, f. 3; [MRS], 574; [BRU2]: 27, pl. 16, f. 1-6; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]

656x481 (~31Kb) upperside Japan, 2002, Photo © Kazuhide Yoshida	655x918 (~115Kb) upperside A small pond in the forest, Seonheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Bukjeju-gun, Jeju-do Island, S Korea. 31st of July 2002, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	762x626 (~81Kb) underside A small pond in the forest, Seonheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Bukjeju-gun, Jeju-do Island, S Korea. 31st of July 2002, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
780x1011 (~94Kb) upperside Japan: Lake Kawaguchiko, Yamanashi Prefecture, 23.8.2007, Photo © Peter Payzant	1023x991 (~348Kb) underside Russia, Khabarovskiy Kray, Khabarovsk southern env., Bychikha village. 10th July 2014, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

Larva on Humulopsis scandens, H. cordifolius, Cannabis sativa [BRU2]: 27

N. c. c-aureum
- Papilio angelica Stoll, [1782]; in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32-32): 204, pl. 388, f. G, H
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) c-aureum c-aureum; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis c-aureum c-aureum; [Yutaka Inayoshi]
- Polygonia c-aureum c-aureum; [iNaturalist]
N. c. lunulata (Esaki & Nakahara, 1924) Taiwan
- Polygonia c-aureum lunulata Esaki & Nakahara, 1924
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) c-aureum lunulata; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia c-aureum lunulata; [MRS], 574; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
640x462 (~32Kb) upperside Taiwan, Photo © Felix Lin 640x476 (~37Kb) underside Taiwan, Photo © Felix Lin

Larva on Humulus scandens, Cannabis sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Citrus spp., Pyrus spp. [MRS]

Nymphalis egea (Cramer, [1775])

SEU, Syria, AM, Iran, Baluchistan - Bhutan. See [maps] Southern Comma Eastern Comma Gelber C-Falter

Papilio egea Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 124, pl. 78, f. C, D
Papilio vau-album Esper, 1780; Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (1): 8, pl. 52
Papilio vau-album Borkhausen, 1788
Papilio i-album Esper, 1789; Die Schmett., Suppl. Th 1 (3-4): 14, pl. 95
L-album Hübner, 1791
triangulum Fabricius, 1793
f-album Fabricius, 1793
f. autumnalis Stefanelli, 1873
f. pallida Evans, 1932; (preocc.)

Nymphalis egea; [Otakar Kudrna]
Polygonia egea; [H&R], 88; [BOW]: pl. 3, f. 16; [EBW]; [BMAT]: 104, pl. 32, f. 29-30 (not in N.Africa); [BRU2]: 27, pl. 16, f. 7-18; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [Heiner Ziegler] ; [MBE] ; [MBE] ; [Mario Maier]
Vanessa egea; [BIR], 213

1266x844 (~251Kb) upperside Monte Negro, Cetinje, Rijeka Crnojevica, 11.8.2005, Photo © Slavko Polak

912x912 (~136Kb) underside Monte Negro, Cetinje, Rijeka Crnojevica, 11.8.2005, Photo © Slavko Polak

Larva on Parietaria officinalis [BIR], Parietaria , less Urtica [H&R], Parietaria , Urtica , Parietaria diffusa [BRU2]: 27

N. e. egea Transcaucasia, Kopet-Dagh
- balucha Evans, 1932
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) egea egea; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia egea egea; [BRU2], 27; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [iNaturalist]
N. e. undina (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan
- Vanessa egea[?] var. undina Grum-Grshimailo, 1890; in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 424, pl. 17, f. 1
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) egea undina; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia egea undina; [BRU2], 27; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Nymphalis gigantea (Leech, 1890)

Tibet - C.China. See [maps]

Grapta gigantea Leech, 1890; Entomologist 23: 189; TL: Ta-Chien-Lu
Grapta erebina Oberthür, 1911
Grapta bocki Rothschild, 1894; Novit. Zool. 1 (2): 535, pl. 12, f. 7, Interior of China (W of Ishang)

Nymphalis (Polygonia) gigantea; [Joseph Belicek]
Polygonia gigantea; [BOW]: pl. 197, f. 4; [MRS], 575; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
Polygonia giganteum; [Wahlberg]

1600x1179 (~330Kb) ♂ upperside Western China, in the collection of NHMW - Wien (61mm), Photo 2004 © Joseph Belicek

1600x1200 (~323Kb) ♂ underside Western China, in the collection of NHMW - Wien (61mm), Photo 2004 © Joseph Belicek

Nymphalis c-album (Linnaeus, 1758)

EU, NAF, AM, AN, AC, China, Japan. See [maps] Rusałka ceik Herukkaperhonen Robert le Diable Comma C-blanca Weißes C Vinbärsfuks

Papilio c-album Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 477
Papilio f-album Esper, 1783; Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (8): 168, pl. 87
g-album Fourcroy, 1785
Polygonia marsyas Edwards, 1870; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 (1): 16 (based on mislabeled specimens)
f. hatchinsonii Robson, 1881
f. lunigera Butler, 1881
Polygonia c-album ab. pallida Tutt, 1896; Brit. Butts: 344
Polygonia c-album ab. variegata Tutt, 1896; Brit. Butts: 346
pictior Verity, 1919
c-album chingana Kleinschmidt, 1929
Polygonia c-album coreana Nomura, 1937; Zephyrus 7: 119
Polygonia c-album coreana f. seoki Nomura, 1937; Zephyrus 7: 121
Polygonia c-album sakurai f. nakaharai Nomura, 1937; Zephyrus 7: 124
sagitta Frohawk, 1938
suffusa Frohawk, 1938
Polygonia c-album f. manchurica Matsumura, 1939; Bull. biogeogr. Soc. Japan 9 (20): 355; TL: Mt. Murei
castanea Verity, 1950

Nymphalis c-album; [Otakar Kudrna]
Polygonia c-album coreana; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
Polygonia c-album; [SPRK]; [H&R], 88; [BOW]: pl. 3, f. 15; [EBW]; [MRS], 574; [BRU2]: 26, pl. 15, f. 1-6, 13-18; Yakovlev, 2012, Nota lepid. 35 (1): 87; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [Heiner Ziegler] ; [MBE] ; [MBE] ; [SVF] ; [Mario Maier]

Misidentified/misapplied:

?Polygonia satyrus marsyas (= Polygonia satyrus neomarsyas); Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22

500x357 (~25Kb) upperside Plymbridge woods, Devon, UK 20/08/96, Photo © Simon Coombes	389x500 (~72Kb) underside Plymbridge woods, Devon, UK 20/08/96, Photo © Simon Coombes	500x383 (~37Kb) upperside FINLAND: Ta: Renko, 675:35, 1.5.1997, Photo © Markku Savela
700x542 (~51Kb) Finland, Kangasala, Ruutana, 682:34, 8/1997, Photo © Tero Piirainen	742x478 (~47Kb) The Bol'shoy Tesh River right bank in its low reaches, 2 km upstream of its junction with the Kondoma River. 17th September 1994 (butterflies greedily suck a rotten Gastromyces fungus (?Lycoperdales gen. sp.)), Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1000x717 (~97Kb) upperside Finland, Järvenpää 670:39, 16.8.1980, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen
596x400 (~68Kb) larva Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	400x603 (~45Kb) pupa Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	400x596 (~53Kb) underside Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch
800x600 (~81Kb) upperside Sweden, Ekebo, Julita, 27.7.2002, Photo © Leif Wahlberg	805x604 (~87Kb) upperside Sweden, Ekebo, Julita, 27.7.2002, Photo © Leif Wahlberg	800x621 (~144Kb) upperside Russia, Udmurtia, river banks of Kama, near village Doksha east of Izhevsk, 20.8.2004, Photo © Markku Savela
698x600 (~103Kb) underside Russia, Moscow area, 31.7.2005, Photo © D. Smirnov	960x768 (~168Kb) upperside Russia, Kaluga area, 08.09.2005, Photo © D. Smirnov	644x707 (~94Kb) underside Russia, Moscow area, 21.7.2008, Photo © D. Smirnov

Larva on Ribes , R. alpinum, R. nigrum, R. rubrum, Rubus idaeus, Betula spp., Corylus avellana, Salix caprea, S. aurita, S. cinerea, S. phylicifolia, Ulmus laevis, U. glabra, Humulus lupulus, Urtica dioeca [SPRK], Urtica spp., Humulus spp., Ulmus spp., Lonicera spp., Salix spp. [MRS]

N. c. c-album
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) c-album c-album; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia c-album c-album; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [iNaturalist]
1199x1002 (~299Kb) underside Russia, West Siberia, Tomsk Province, Bakchar District. Plotnikovo village, a bank of a large pond, 21st July 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
N. c. imperfecta (Blachier, 1908) N.Africa
- Polygonia c-album imperfecta Blachier, 1908
- Polygonia c-album ab. imperfecta Blachier, 1908; Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 77 (2): 214; TL: Tangier (Morocco)
- Grapta c-album f. hutchinsoni Robson, 1880; Young Naturalist 2: 110; TL: England
600x435 (~53Kb) upperside Morocco, Tizi-n-Ifar, Moyen Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier 600x435 (~33Kb) underside Morocco, Tizi-n-Ifar, Moyen Atlas, Photo © Michel Tarrier

Larva on Ribes grossularia, R. uva-crispa Blachier, 1908, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 77 (2)
N. c. extensa (Leech, [1892]) W.China, C.China
- Grapta c-album var. extensa Leech, [1892]; Butts China Japan Corea (1): 265, pl. 25, f. 5
- Polygonia c-album extensa; [MRS], 574
N. c. kultukensis Kleinschmidt, 1929 Transbaikalia
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) c-album kultukensis; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia c-album kultukensis; [BRU2], 26; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
1059x1376 (~404Kb) upperside Russia, West Siberia, the eastern Altai Mts., the Chylyshman River valley left board, the Kottu-Yaryk Pass, 8th May 2005, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
N. c. hamigera (Butler, 1877) Ussuri
- Vanessa hamigera Butler, 1877; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 (109): 92; TL: 370 miles from Tokei (Yedo)
- fentoni Butler, 1878
- Polygonia c-album hamifera f. hokkaidensis Nomura, 1937; Zephyrus 7: 114
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) c-album hamigera; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia c-album hamigera; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 105; [BRU2], 26; [RFEL]; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
N. c. koreana Bryk, 1946 Korea?
- Polygonia c-album koreana; [BRU2], 26
N. c. sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1915) Sakhalin
- Polygonia c-album var. sachalinensis Matsumura, 1915; Ent. Mag. Kyoto 1 (2): 55; TL: Saghalin
- Polygonia c-album sachalinensis; [BRU2], 26
N. c. asakurai (Nakahara, 1920) Taiwan
- Polygonia asakurai Nakahara, 1920; Can. Ent. 52 (6): 138; TL: Horisha, Formosa
- Polygonia asakurai; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]
- Polygonia c-album asakurai; [MRS], 574
484x640 (~36Kb) underside Taiwan, Photo © Felix Lin

Larva on Celtis sinensis, Ulmus parvifolia, U. uyematsui, Zelkova serrata [MRS]
N. c. agnicula (Moore, 1872) Nepal
- Grapta agnicula Moore, 1872; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 (2): 559; TL: Katmandu, Nepal; Goolmurg, NE. of Kashmir
- Polygonia c-album agnicula; Huang, 2001

Nymphalis faunus (Edwards, 1862)

British Columbia - California, Canada, Iowa, Applachians, NA.Georgia, Labrador. See [maps] Faunus Anglewing

Grapta faunus Edwards, 1862; Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 14: 222
Polygonia virescens Scudder, 1875

Nymphalis faunus; [GALEPS]
Polygonia faunus; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4423; [NAB], 612; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 22, pl. 15, f. 2; [Opler]; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]

602x390 (~21Kb) ♂ upperside Edmonton, Canada, (on Ribes), Photo © Robin Leech

384x256 (~14Kb) ♂ underside Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 2000, Photo © Joseph Belicek

1300x1436 (~251Kb) underside Canada, British Columbia, Record Ridge, Photo © Norbert Kondla

Larva on Betula , Alnus , Salix , Ribes , Rhododendron ? [NAB]

N. f. faunus
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) faunus faunus; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia faunus faunus; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist]

N. f. smythi (Clark, 1937) NA.Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia

Polygonia faunus smythi Clark, 1937; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 84 (3013): 221, pl. 10, f. 1-6; TL: Mount Rogers (Balsam Mountain), Grayson Co., Va., ~4000ft

Nymphalis (Polygonia) faunus smythi; [Joseph Belicek]
Polygonia faunus smythi; [NACL], #4423a; [P&N23]; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]

1600x1200 (~225Kb) ♂ upperside USA: North Carolina, Franklin Macon Co., Coweta Laboratory, July 10 1972, R. Maudslay coll., Photo © Joseph Belicek

1600x1200 (~274Kb) ♂ underside USA: North Carolina, Franklin Macon Co., Coweta Laboratory, July 10 1972, R. Maudslay coll., Photo © Joseph Belicek

N. f. rustica (Edwards, 1874) California
- Grapta rusticus Edwards, 1874; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 5 (2): 107
- Grapta silvius Edwards, 1874; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 5 (2): 108 ♀
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) faunus rusticus; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia faunus rustica; [NACL], #4423b
- Polygonia faunus rusticus; ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
N. f. hylas (Edwards, 1872) Colorado, Rocky Mountains, ? Colorado Anglewing
- Grapta hylas Edwards, 1872; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 4: 68
- orpheus (Cross, 1926) (Polygonia); ♀
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) faunus hylas; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia faunus hylas; Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 46-56; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
- Polygonia hylas; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4424; [NAB], 613; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]
Larva on Salix , Ribes inerme Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 48
N. f. arctica (Leussler, 1935)
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) faunus arctica; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia faunus arctica; [NACL], #4423c
- Polygonia faunus arcticus; ; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
- Polygonia hylas arcticus; dos Passos, 1977, Pan-Pacific Ent. 53 (3): 179-180; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
N. f. fulvescens (Emmel, Emmel & Mattoon, 1998) California
- Polygonia faunus fulvescens Emmel, Emmel & Mattoon, 1998; Syst. W. N.Am. Butts.: (139-140); TL: Pescadero Creek, 400m, nr. Portola State Park, San Mateo Co., California. USA
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) faunus fulvescens; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia faunus fulvescens; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
N. f. cenveray (Scott & Kondla, 2006)
- Polygonia faunus cenveray Scott & Kondla, 2006; Papilio (n.s.) 12: 40

Nymphalis interrogationis (Fabricius, 1798)

Mexico, USA, New York, West Virginia, Quebec. See [maps] Question Mark

Papilio interrogationis Fabricius, 1798; Ent. Syst. (Suppl.): 424; TL: N.Amer.
Grapta umbrosa Lintner, 1869; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2: 313; TL: New York
- = Polygonia interrogationis; [NL4A], #2035
Grapta fabrici Edwards, 1870; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 (1): 5; TL: West Virginia
- = Polygonia interrogationis; [NL4A], #2035
Grapta crameri Scudder, 1870; ; TL: USA
- = Polygonia interrogationis; [NL4A], #2035
Cynthia tiliae Fabricius, 1938; (repl. name); TL: N. Amer.
- = Polygonia interrogationis; [NL4A], #2035

Grapta fabricii;
Grapta interrogationis; Godman & Salvin, [1901], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 683
Nymphalis (Polygonia) interrogationis; [Joseph Belicek]
Nymphalis interrogationis; [GALEPS]
Polygonia interrogationis umbrosa; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22
Polygonia interrogationis; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [EBW]; [NACL], #4420; [NAB], 609; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 23; [Opler]; [NL4A], #2035; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]

2272x1704 (~280Kb) upperside Canada, Ontario, Delaware, 30.8.1977 (ex. l. Ken Thornton leg.) Photo 2006 © Norbert Kondla	2272x1704 (~306Kb) underside Canada, Ontario, Delaware, 30.8.1977 (ex. l. Ken Thornton leg.) Photo 2006 © Norbert Kondla	1513x1177 (~116Kb) upperside USA: Alabama, Jeff. Co., 21.8.1999, Photo © Vitaly Charny
1177x1261 (~114Kb) underside USA: Alabama, Jeff. Co., 21.8.1999, Photo © Vitaly Charny	1451x1096 (~310Kb) upperside USA: Alabama, Shelby Co., 5.11.2000, Photo © Vitaly Charny	1116x1506 (~216Kb) underside USA: Alabama, Shelby Co., 5.11.2000, Photo © Vitaly Charny
1500x1228 (~292Kb) USA: Alabama, 3.5.2006, Photo © Vitaly Charny	1453x1048 (~360Kb) upperside USA: Alabama, 3.5.2006, Photo © Vitaly Charny	1469x1157 (~214Kb) underside USA: Alabama, 3.5.2006, Photo © Vitaly Charny
950x1293 (~227Kb) underside USA: Alabama, 12.5.2001, Photo © Vitaly Charny Polygonia interrogationis det. Dave Ferguson	1500x1088 (~255Kb) underside USA: Alabama, 6.5.2006, Photo © Vitaly Charny Polygonia interrogationis det. Dave Ferguson

Larva on Urticaceae , Humulus , Ulmus , Celtis [NAB]

Nymphalis comma (Harris, 1842)

Saskatchwan, ENA. See [maps] Comma

comma Harris, 1842; Ins. Inj. Veg. (3rd ed.): 221
Grapta dryas Edwards, 1870; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 (1): 17
Grapta harrisii Edwards, 1873

Nymphalis (Polygonia) comma; [Joseph Belicek]
Nymphalis comma; [GALEPS]
Polygonia comma dryas; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22
Polygonia comma; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4421; [NAB], 610; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 21; [Opler]; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]

1000x733 (~112Kb) upperside USA: Alabama, 12.5.2001, Photo © Vitaly Charny

1000x763 (~146Kb) underside USA: Alabama, 4.6.2005 (on left, Polygonia interrogationis on right), Photo © Vitaly Charny

Larva on Humulus lupulus, Urtica dioica, Boehmeria cylindrica, Ulmus [NAB]

Nymphalis progne (Cramer, [1775])

British Columbia, Wyoming, Kansas - Nova Scotia, Missouri, N.Carolina, Virginia. See [maps] Gray Comma

Papilio progne Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 9, pl. 5, f. E, F
Polygonia l-argenteum Scudder, 1875; Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2: 253 (dark f.)
Polygonia progne ab. martineae Coleman, 1919; Ent. News 30 (4): 112; TL: Connecticut?

Nymphalis progne; [LEPIFORUM] ; [GALEPS]
Polygonia progne l-argenteum; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23
Polygonia progne; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 23; [NACL], #4429; [NAB], 618; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 26; [Opler]; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]

384x256 (~17Kb) ♀ upperside Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, July/August 2000, Photo © Joseph Belicek	384x256 (~14Kb) ♀ underside Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, July/August 2000, Photo © Joseph Belicek	1600x1200 (~280Kb) upperside Wapity Ferry, AB, (reared on Goosberry, emerged 19.VII.1956, FIS 58 A-514-01), Photo 2004 © Joseph Belicek
1600x1200 (~406Kb) underside Wapity Ferry, AB, (reared on Goosberry, emerged 19.VII.1956, FIS 58 A-514-01), Photo 2004 © Joseph Belicek

N. p. progne
- Vanessa c-argenteum Kirby, 1837; Faun Bor.-Am. [4]: 292, pl. 3, f. 6-7
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) progne progne; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia progne progne; Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 46-56
Larva on Ribes Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1)
N. p. nigrozephyrus (Scott, 1984) Colorado - S.Wyoming - Utah - SE.Idaho - NE.Nevada
- Polygonia progne nigrozephyrus Scott, 1984; J. Res. Lepid. 23 (3): (197-210)
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) progne nigrozephyrus; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia progne nigrozephyrus; Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 46-56
Larva on Ribes inerme, Ribes leptanthum Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 47

Nymphalis oreas (Edwards, 1869)

..., Idaho, Montana, NE.Wyoming. See [maps] Sylvan Anglewing Oreas Anglewing

Grapta oreas Edwards, 1869; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 2 (4): 373
Grapta silvius Edwards, 1874; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 5 (2): 108 ♂
- = ; [Joseph Belicek]

Polygonia oreas; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4428; [NAB], 617; [Opler]; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]
Polygonia silvius; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4425; [NAB], 614
?Polygonia orcas[sic, oreas]; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 25

Larva on (as silvius) Ribes divaricatum, Ribes ?, Rohododendron ? [NAB]

N. o. oreas California
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) oreas oreas; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia oreas oreas; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist]

N. o. silenus (Edwards, 1870) Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alaska

Grapta oreas silenus Edwards, 1870; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 (1): 15

Nymphalis (Polygonia) silenus; [Joseph Belicek]
Polygonia oreas silenus; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4428a; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]

N. o. threatfuli (Guppy & Shepard, 2001) British Columbia

Polygonia oreas threatfuli Guppy & Shepard, 2001

Nymphalis (Polygonia) oreas threatfuli; [Joseph Belicek]
Polygonia oreas threatfuli; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]

N. o. satellow (Scott, 2006)
- Polygonia oreas satellow Scott, 2006; Papilio (n.s.) 12: 39
- Polygonia oreas satellow; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]

Nymphalis satyrus (Edwards, 1869)

Pacific Coast, British Columbia - New Foundland, S.Canada. See [maps] Satyr Anglewing

Grapta satyrus Edwards, 1869; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 2 (4): 374; TL: Colorado

Nymphalis (Polygonia) satyrus; [Joseph Belicek]
Polygonia satyrus; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4422; [NAB], 611; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 27; Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 46-56; [Opler]; [NL4A], #2036; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]

700x517 (~45Kb) ♂ upperside USA: Schmitz Park, West Seattle, King Co., WA, 8.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela Polygonia satyrus det. Joseph Belicek	1192x1204 (~225Kb) underside Canada, British Columbia, Record Ridge, Photo © Norbert Kondla	2272x1704 (~284Kb) ♀ upperside Canada, Alberta, Drumheller, 20.7.1975, Photo 2006 © Norbert Kondla
2272x1704 (~249Kb) ♀ underside Canada, Alberta, Drumheller, 20.7.1975, Photo 2006 © Norbert Kondla

Larva on Urtica dioica gracilis, Humulus lupulus Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 48

N. s. satyrus Colorado, California, ...
- Grapta chrysoptera Wright, 1905; ; TL: California
  - = Polygonia satyrus satyrus; [NL4A], #2036a
- Polygonia satyrus satyrus; [NL4A], #2036a; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
N. s. neomarsyas (dos Passos, 1969) Washington, California, ...
- Polygonia satyrus neomarsyas dos Passos, 1969; Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 95: (135-137); TL: Salmon Meadows, Brewster, Washington
- Polygonia satyrus marsyas tr.f. hollandi Gunder, 1927; ; TL: California
  - = Polygonia satyrus neomarsyas; [NL4A], #2036b
- Polygonia satyrus neomarsyas; [NACL], #4422a; [NL4A], #2036b; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [BOA]
N. s. transcanada (Scott & Kondla, 2006)
- Polygonia satyrus transcanada Scott & Kondla, 2006; Papilio (n.s.) 12: 38

Nymphalis gracilis (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Canada - Michigan. See [maps] Hoary Comma

Grapta gracilis Grote & Robinson, 1867; Ann. Lyc. nat. Hist. N.Y. 8: 432

Polygonia gracilis; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [NACL], #4427; [BHR]; [NAB], 616; [Opler]; [NL4A], #2033; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [BOA] ; [BAMONA]

600x704 (~61Kb) USA: Pike National Forest, Sugar Creek on CR-67 (about 39°18'N 105°10'W), Douglas Co., CO, 29.7.2012, Photo © Markku Savela

700x796 (~85Kb) underside USA: Pike National Forest, Sugar Creek on CR-67 (about 39°18'N 105°10'W), Douglas Co., CO, 29.7.2012, Photo © Markku Savela

Larva on Ribes [BHR]

N. g. gracilis

Nymphalis (Polygonia) gracilis gracilis; [Joseph Belicek]
Polygonia gracilis gracilis; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist]

1600x1200 (~200Kb) upperside Canada, New Brunswick, Kedgwick R., 1.9.1986 (H. Hensel & M. Turgeon leg.), Photo © Norbert Kondla

1600x1200 (~242Kb) underside Canada, New Brunswick, Kedgwick R., 1.9.1986 (H. Hensel & M. Turgeon leg.), Photo © Norbert Kondla

N. g. zephyrus (Edwards, 1870) Rocky Mountains - Pacific, Nevada Zephyr Anglewing

Grapta zephyrus Edwards, 1870; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 (1): 16; TL: Nevada
Polygonia zephyrus f. thiodamas Scudder, 1875; (unavail.)
- = Polygonia gracilis zephyrus; [NL4A], #2033a

Nymphalis (Polygonia) gracilis zephyrus; [Joseph Belicek]
Polygonia gracilis zephyrus; Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 46-56; [NL4A], #2033a; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
Polygonia zephyrus; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 22; [EBW]; [NACL], #4426; [NAB], 615; [BOW]: pl. 14, f. 28, pl. 41, f. 17; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [BAMONA]

600x614 (~44Kb) ♂ underside USA: Glacier Basin Path, Mt. Rainier, Pierce Co., WA, 21.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela Polygonia gracilis zephyrus det. Joseph Belicek	1600x1200 (~358Kb) upperside California, Los Angeles, ex. larva emerged 12.8.1965, Photo © Joseph Belicek	1600x1200 (~403Kb) underside California, Los Angeles, ex. larva emerged 12.8.1965, Photo © Joseph Belicek
1000x736 (~142Kb) upperside USA: Washington, King Co., Captain Point, 7.8.2011 (47.761N 121.194W), Photo © Markku Savela	600x859 (~87Kb) underside USA: Washington, King Co., Captain Point, 7.8.2011 (47.761N 121.194W), Photo © Markku Savela

Larva on Ribes cereum, R. inerme, R. sanguineum, Rhododendron occidentale Scott, 1988, J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1): 47

Nymphalis interposita (Staudinger, 1881)

Ghissar - Altai, NW.China, Himalaya. See [maps]

Vanessa (Grapta) c-album var. interposita Staudinger, 1881; Stettin ent. Ztg 42 (7-9): 286; TL: "Ala Tau" [Dzhungarsky Alatau, E. Kazakhstan]
Polygonia interposita cognata Moore, 1892

Polygonia interposita; [BRU2]: 27, pl. 15, f. 7-12; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]
Vanessa c-album var. interposita; Grum-Grshimailo, 1890, in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 423

N. i. interposita Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan, Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Altai
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) interposita interposita; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia interposita interposita; [BRU2], 28
N. i. tibetana (Elwes, 1888) NW.China
- Polygonia interposita tibetana Elwes, 1888
- chitralica Evans, 1932
- Polygonia interposita tibetana; [BRU2], 28
N. i. adya (Churkin, 2003) Mongolia
- Polygonia interposita adya Churkin, 2003
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) interpostia adya; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia interposita adya; Yakovlev, 2012, Nota lepid. 35 (1): 87

Nymphalis haroldii (Dewitz, 1877) Mexico. See [maps]
- Grapta haroldii Dewitz, 1877; Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ver. 1: 89, pl. 2, f. 6; TL: Mexico, Hidalgo
- Grapta haroldi; Godman & Salvin, [1882], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 217; Godman & Salvin, [1901], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 683
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) haroldii; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia haroldii; [NL4A], #2034; [MPG] ; [P&N23]; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]
623x551 (~46Kb) upperside Mexico? coll. LACMNH, Photo via Joseph Belicek © LACMNH
Nymphalis g-argenteum (Doubleday, [1848]) Mexico. See [maps]
- Grapta g-argenteum Doubleday, [1848]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 197, pl. 26, f. 3; TL: Mexico
- Grapta argenteum; Doubleday, 1848, (missp.)
- Grapta g-argenteum; Godman & Salvin, [1882], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 216; Godman & Salvin, [1901], Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 683
- Nymphalis (Polygonia) g-argenteum; [Joseph Belicek]
- Polygonia g-argenteum; [NL4A], #2032; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [BOA]

Subgenus Kaniska Moore, [1899]

Kaniska Moore, [1899]; Lepidoptera Indica 4: 91; TS: Papilio canace Linnaeus
- = Polygonia; [NL4A], 250

Subgenus Kaniska (Nymphalis); Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021, Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3): 41
Kaniska; [iNaturalist] ; [NHM-BMW]
Kaniska (Nymphalidae); [BRU2], 32
Kaniska (Nymphalini); Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 208; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Nymphalis canace (Linnaeus, 1763)

Himalayas - SE.Siberia, Japan, Korea, Ceylon, S.India (hills), Coorg, NE.India (hills), Burma. See [maps] Blue Admiral

Papilio canace Linnaeus, 1763; Amoenitates Acad. 6: 406; TL: E.China
?Papilio kollina Meerburgh, 1775
Vanessa glauconia Motschulsky, 1860; ; TL: Japan
Vanessa canace siphnos Fruhstorfer, 1912; in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 527; TL: Liu-Kiu, Philippines
Vanessa canace f. mandarina Matsumura, 1939; Bull. biogeogr. Soc. Japan 9 (20): 356; TL: Mt. Murei
Kaniska canace oplentia Tsukada, 1985; ; TL: Philippines
Kaniska canace oreas Tsukada, 1985; ; TL: Philippines

Kaniska canace; [BOR], 276; [MRS], 570; [BRU2]: 32, pl. 18, f. 7-9; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 207; Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 36; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]
Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace; [RFEL]
Nymphalis canace; [EBW], (name only)
Polygonia canace;
Vanessa canace siphnos; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Vanessa canace; [BIR], 213; [BOW]: pl. 152, f. 11; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]
Vanessa glauconia; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]

Larva on Smilax china, Tricyrtis hirta, Lilium lancifolium [MRS], Heterosmilax japonica, Lilium lancifolium, Streptopus amplexifolius [BRU2]: 32

N. c. canace Sikkim - S.India, Burma, S.China, Hong Kong
- ?Vanessa canace himalaya Evans, 1924
- ?Vanessa viridis Evans, 1924
- Kaniska canace canace; [BOR], 276; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace canace; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis canace canace; [Yutaka Inayoshi]
988x937 (~267Kb) ♀ underside Cambodia, Mondukliri Province, a shallow sunlit pool at the right bank of the river upstream Buu Sraa Waterfalls, 10th June 2014, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
N. c. charonides (Stichel, [1908]) S.Ussuri
- Vanessa charonides Stichel, [1908]
- Kaniska canace charonides; [BRU2], 32; [RFEL]
Larva on Smilax maximowiczii [BRU2]: 32

N. c. nojaponicum (von Siebold, 1824) Japan

no-japonicum von Siebold, 1824

Kaniska canace no-japonicum; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 106
Kaniska canace nojaponicum; [iNaturalist]
glauconia no-japonicum;

1600x1200 (~367Kb) upperside Japan, Hamakusu Kamitsushima-cho, Kamiagata-gun, Nagasaki Pref., 26.X.1992, Photo © Joseph Belicek

1600x1200 (~284Kb) underside Japan, Hamakusu Kamitsushima-cho, Kamiagata-gun, Nagasaki Pref., 26.X.1992, Photo © Joseph Belicek

N. c. ishima (Fruhstorfer, 1899) Japan
- Vanessa canace ishima Fruhstorfer, 1899; Stettin ent. Ztg 59 (10-12): 416; TL: Ishigaki
- Kaniska canace ishima; [iNaturalist]
- Vanessa canace ishima; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
N. c. charonia (Drury, 1770)
- Kaniska canace charonia; [MRS], 570
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace charonia; [Joseph Belicek]
N. c. haronica Moore, 1879 Ceylon
- Vanessa haronica Moore, 1879; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 (1): 137
- Kaniska canace haronica; [BOR], 277
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace haronica; [Joseph Belicek]
- Vanessa haronica; Moore, [1881], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (2): 49, pl. 25, f. 2, 2a
N. c. perakana (Distant, 1886) ?Thailand, Peninsular Malaya
- Vanessa perakana Distant, 1886; Rhopalocera Malayana: 430, pl. 40, f. 1
- Kaniska canace perakana; [BMP]: 161, pl. 23, f. 4; [BOR], 277; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace perakana; [Joseph Belicek]
- Nymphalis canace perakana; [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Larva on Smilax [BMP]
N. c. battakana (de Nicéville, 1896) Sumatra (Battak Mts.)
- Kaniska canace battakana; [BOR], 277
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace battakana; [Joseph Belicek]
N. c. javanica (Fruhstorfer, 1912) Java, ?Bali, ?Lombok
- Polygonia canace javanica Fruhstorfer, 1912
- Kaniska canace javanica; [BOR], 277; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace javanica; [Joseph Belicek]
N. c. maniliana (Fruhstorfer, 1912) Borneo, ?Palawan
- Polygonia canace maniliana Fruhstorfer, 1912
- Kaniska canace maniliana; [BOR], 277
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace maniliana; [Joseph Belicek]

N. c. benguetana (Semper, 1888) Luzon

Vanessa benguetana Semper, 1888; Reisen Philipp. (3): 122, pl. 21, f. 11-12

Kaniska canace benguetana; [BOR], 277
Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace benguetana; [Joseph Belicek]

N. c. muscosa (Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1979) S.Sulawesi
- Kaniska canace muscosa Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1979
- Kaniska canace muscosa; [BOR], 277; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 208
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace muscosa; [Joseph Belicek]
N. c. drilon (Fruhstorfer, 1908) Taiwan
- Vanessa canace drilon Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Wochenbl. 25 (10): 41; TL: Lake Candidius
- Kaniska canace drilon; [BOR], 277; [MRS], 570; [iNaturalist]
- Nymphalis (Kaniska) canace drilon; [Joseph Belicek]
- Vanessa canace drilon; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
640x473 (~51Kb) underside Taiwan, Photo © Felix Lin 640x435 (~46Kb) larva Taiwan, Photo © Felix Lin

Larva on Heterosmilax japonica, Smilax china, Smilax perfoliata, S. bracteata, S. lanceifolia, S. riparia, S. arisanensis [MRS]

Unmatched external taxa

Nymphalis l-album watsoni; [BOA]
Nymphalis polychlorus; [Mario Maier]
Nymphalis ulticae chinensis; [Yutaka Inayoshi]

28.5.2023 (29)

References:

[BAMONA] Opler, Pavulaan, Stanford & Pogue
Butterflies and Moths of North America; Mountain Prairie Information Node
[BCA] electronic
BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA
[BHL] The
Biodiversity Heritage Library; and on; Internet Archive; Note: The linking to the content of Internet Archive is somewhat delicate -- notify me when links break!
[BOA] Interactive Listing of American Butterflies
Listado Interactivo de la Mariposas Americanas; Butterflies of America
[CiNii]
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/
[CoL] Catalogue of Life
Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Döring, M., Ower, G., Hernández Robles, D. R., Plata Corredor, C. A., Stjernegaard Jeppesen, T., Örn, A., Vandepitte, L., Hobern, D., Schalk, P., DeWalt, R. E., Ma, K., Miller, J., Orrell, T., Aalbu, R., Abbott, J., Adlard, R., Aedo, C., et al. (2024). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2024-03-26); https://doi.org/10.48580/dfz8d
[D. Smirnov]
Russia, Moscow; e-mail: D. Smirnov
[Dave Ferguson]
Rio Grande Botanic Garden; Albuquerque, NM USA
[Dave Nunnallee]
Washington, USA
[ESP] :ESP#c Heppner, 1981
[EVERSMANNIA]
Eversmannia contents
[Felix Lin]
Taiwan
[GALEPS] Moths and Butterflies of Georgia and the Southeastern United States
James K. Adams; Dept. of Natural Science, Dalton State College, Dalton, GA ; http://www.daltonstate.edu/galeps/index.htm
[HBN] Francis Hemming, 1937
HÜBNER, A bibliographical and systematic account of the entomological works of Jacob Hübner and of the supplements thereto by Carl Geyer, Gottfried Franz von Frölich and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer, Vol 1 & 2
[Harri Arkkio]
Finland; For the time being these pictures are only for this site. Other usage not allowed.
[Heiner Ziegler]
Switzerland / Schweiz; www.pieris.ch
[JLS]
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society; the original J. Lep. Soc. articles
[JRL]
The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera; JRL Archive
[Joseph Belicek]
e-mail: Joseph Belicek
[Karl Hofsäß] Karl Hofsaess
e-mail: Karl Hofsäß
[LACMNH] The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
http://www.lam.mus.ca.us/
[LAMAS-2005] Gerardo Lamas
Entomofauna 26 (6): 57-100; A Bibliography of the Zoological Publications of Hans Fruhstorfer (1886* - 1922+)
[LAMAS-NEO] Gerardo Lamas
Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)
[LEPIFORUM]
Lepiforum; Bestimmung von Schmetterlingen (Lepidoptera) und ihren Präimaginalstadien
[Leif Wahlberg]
Julita, Sweden; e-mail: Leif Wahlberg
[LepIndex] Global Lepidoptera Index
Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A., Lyal, C., Ollerenshaw, J., Wing, P., & Hobern, D. (2024). Global Lepidoptera Index. In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, L. Vandepitte, D. Hobern, P. Schalk, R. E. DeWalt, K. Ma, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, R. Adlard, C. Aedo, et al., Catalogue of Life Checklist (1.1.24.106); https://doi.org/10.48580/dg4lg-49xk
[MBE] Moths and Butteflies of Europe
Paolo Mazzei, Diego Reggianti and Ilaria Pimpinelli; http://www.leps.it/
[MPG]
North American Moth Photographers Group
[Marek Michalski] Lodz, Poland
e-mail: Marek Michalski
[Mario Maier]
Europäische Schmetterlinge; e-mail: Mario Maier
[Michael Borsch]
Geesthacht, Germany; contact through; e-mail: Francisco Welter-Schultes
[Michel Tarrier]
Michel R. Tarrier; Malaga, Spain; http://www.tarrier.org
[NHM] Natural History Museum
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index; Generic Names and their Type-species
[NHM-BMW] Natural History Museum
Butterflies and Moths of the World; Generic Names and their Type-species
[Norbert Kondla]
Canada, BC; e-mail: Norbert Kondla
[Oleg Kosterin] Institue of Cytology & Genetics
Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; e-mail: Oleg Kosterin; http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/
[Opler] Opler & Warren, 2003
Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico.
[P&N23] Pohl & Nanz, 2023
Annotated Taxonomic Checklist of the Lepidoptera of North America, north of Mexico
[Pertti Pakkanen]
e-mail: Pertti Pakkanen; Butterfly and moth observations from Finland
[Peter Payzant]
Canada; http://www.pbase.com/ppayzant/profile
[S. Shuichi Haupt]
e-mail: S. Shuichi Haupt; http://www.tu-berlin.de/fb7/ioeb/biologie/stefan.htm
[SVF]
Svenska fjärilar; Naturhistoriska riksmuseet; (Sweden)
[Simon Coombes]
1 Park Street, Plymouth, PL3 4BL, UK; 01752 607854; e-mail: Simon Coombes; http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk
[Slavko Polak]
e-mail: Slavko Polak
[Szabolcs Safian]
Hungary; Hungarian Lepidopterologial Society; Butterflies of Ghana
[Tero Piirainen] Tampere, Finland
e-mail: Tero Piirainen
[Vitaly Charny]
Birmingham, Alabama, USA
[Wahlberg]
Niklas Wahlberg; The NSG's voucher specimen database; Nymphalidae Systematics Group
[Yutaka Inayoshi]
A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China; Chiefly from THAILAND, LAOS & VIETNAM
[ZOBODAT] Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum
OÖ. Landesmuseum; ZOBODAT - Literatur
[iNaturalist]
iNaturalist
[maps]
Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.

Some related literature:

Austaut, 1885
Lépidoptéres nouveaux d'Algérie Le Naturaliste 7 (18) : 141-142
Austin, 1998
New subspecies of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) from Nevada and Arizona Syst. W. N. Am. Butts. (46) : 573-586
Blachier, 1908
Lépidoptères du Maroc - Remarque sur diverses espèces et descriptions de variétés nouvelles Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 77 (2) : 209-222, pl. 4
Boisduval, 1852
Lépidoptères de la Californie Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 10 (2) : 275-324
Boisduval & Leconte, 1833
Histoire générale et iconographie des lépidoptères et des chenilles de l'Amérique septentrionale Hist. Lép. Am. Sept. (1): 1-16. pl. 1-3 (1829), (2): 17-24, pl. 4-6 (1829), (3/4): 25-40, pl. 7-12 ([1830]), (5/6): 41-56, pl. 13-18 ([1830]), (7/8): 57-80, pl. 19-24 ([1830]), (9/10): 81-100, pl. 25-30 (1833), (11-22): 101-196, pl. 31-65 ([1835]), (23-26): 197-228, pl. 66-78 ([1837])
Bonelli, 1826
Descrizione di sei nuove specie d'insetti dell'ordine dei lepidoptteri diurni, raccolte in Sardegna dal sig. Cav. Alberto Della-Marmoria negli anni 1822 E 1823 Mem. Acc. Sci. Torino 30 : 171-188, pl. 1-3
Butler, 1877
On Rhopalocera from Japan and Shanghai, with Descriptions of new Species Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19 (109) : 91-97
Butler, 1887
Description of a new Butterfly allied to Vanessa antiopa Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 (110) : 103-104
Butler in Butler & Fenton, [1882]
On butterflies from Japan, with which are incorporated notes and descriptions of new species by Montague Fenton Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881 (4) : 846-856
[MRS]; Chou, 1994
Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1-2 Mon. Rhop. Sinesium : 1-854
Clark, 1937
A New Subspecies of the Nymphalid Butterfly Polygonia faunus Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 84 (3013) : 219-222, pl. 10
Cockerell, 1889
On the variation of insects Entomologist 22 (308): 1-6, (309): 26-29, (310): 54-56, (311): 98-100, (312): 125-130, (313): 147-149, (314): 176-178, (315): 198-202, (316): 226-229, (317): 243-245
Coleman, 1919
An Aberration of Polygonia progne (Lepid.) Ent. News 30 (4) : 112
[BMP]; Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992
The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Fourth Edition revised by J. N. Eliot with plates by Bernard D'Abrera Butterflies Malay Peninsula (4th edn) : 1-595, pl. 1-69
Cosmovici, 1892
Contributions a l'étude de la faune entomologique Roumaine Le Naturaliste (2) 6: (136): 254-256, (137): 264, (138): 280-281
Cramer, [1775]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 1-132, pl. 1-84 (1775), (8): 133-155, pl. 85-96 (1776)
[BOR]; D'Abrera, 1982-1986
Butterflies of the Oriental Region I-III
[BHR]; D'Abrera, 1990-1993
Butterflies of the Holarctic Region I: 1? (1990), : ?-? (1992), III: 336-524 (1993)
Dalman, 1816
Försök till systematiks Uppställing af Sveriges Fjärilar K. VetenskAcad. Handl. 1816 (1): 48-101, (2): 199-225
[Schiffermüller], 1775; Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775
Ankündung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend Ank. syst. Schmett. Wienergegend : 1-322, pl. 1a-b
Dewitz, 1877
Neue Schmetterlinge des Berliner museums Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ver. 1 : 85-91, pl. 2
Diószeghy, 1913
Adatok Magyarország lepkefaunájához Rovartani Lapok 20 : 190-196
Diószeghy, 1935
Die Lepidopterenfauna des Retyezatgebirges. Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des Siebenbürg Verh. Sieben. Ver. Nat. 83-84 : 107-126
Distant, 1886
Rhopalocera Malayana: a Description of the Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula Rhopalocera Malayana : 1-481, pl. 1-27,27A,27B,28-44
dos Passos, 1938
Synonymic notes on Aglais milberti (Godart) with description of a new subspecies Can. Ent. 70 (4): 72-73
dos Passos, 1969
A name for Polygonia satyrus marsyas auctorum Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 95: 153-159, 2 figs
dos Passos, 1977
A taxonomic note on Polygonia faunus arcticus Leussler Pan-Pacific Ent. 53 (3) : 179-180
Doubleday, [1848]
The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by W. C. Hewitson Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 1-18, pl. A, 1-4 (1-2) (1846), (1): 19-132, pl. 4*, 18*, 5-25, 28 (3-14) (1847), (1): 133-200, pl. 1*, 26, 27, 29 (15-23) (1848), (1): pl. 31-44 (15-23) (1848), (1): 201-242, pl. 30, 45-52, 56-58, 60-62, 64 (24-31) (1849), (1): 243-250 [?], (2): 243-326, pl. 53-55, 63, 65, 66 (32-38) (1850), (2): 327-466, pl. 59, 67-77 (39-50) (1851), (2): 467-534, 143, 144, pl. 78-80 (Index) (51-54) (1852)
Dyar, 1903
A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52 : 1-723
Edwards, 1862
Descriptions of certain Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera found within the limits of the United States and of British America. - No. [1]-3 Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 13: 160-164 (1861), 14: 54-58, 221-226 (1862)
Edwards, 1869
Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the United States Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 2 (4) : 369-376
Edwards, 1870
Notes on Graptas c-aureum and interrogationis Fab. Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 (1) : 1-9
Edwards, 1870
Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the United States Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3 (1) : 10-22
Edwards, 1872
Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera found within the United States Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 4 : 61-70
Edwards, 1874
Descriptions of new species of diurnal Lepidoptera found in North America Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 5 (1): 13-19, (2): 103-111
Ehrmann, 1900
Variations in Some Common Species of Butterflies Can. Ent. 32 (11) : 348
Emmel, Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
New subspecies of Nymphalidae from California and a neotype designation for Argynnis Behr (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Syst. W. N.Am. Butts.: 139-140
Esper, 1780; Esper, 1781; Esper, 1783
Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Theil I. Die Tagschmetterlinge. Fortsetzung. Band 2 Die Schmett. Th. I, Bd. 2 (1): 1-36, pl. 51-56 (1780), (2): 37-68, pl. 57-62 (1781), (3): 69-100, pl. 63-68 (1781), (4): 101-124, pl. 69-74 (1781), (5): 125-140, pl. 75-80 (1782), (7): 141-156, pl. 81-82 (1783), (8): 157-172, pl. 83-88 (1783), (9): 173-184, pl. 89-92 (1784), (28): 185-190, pl. 93 (1786)
Esper, 1789
Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Theil I. Die Tagschmetterlinge. Supplement Theil 1. Abschnitt 1 Die Schmett., Suppl. Th 1 (1-2): 1-8, pl. 94 (1789), (3-4): 9-60, pl. 95-101 (1789), (5-6): 61-68, pl. 102-106 (1794), ([7]): [69-88], pl. [107-109] (1798), (8-9): 89-104, pl. 110-112 (1800), (10): 105-120, pl. 113-116 ([1803-1804])
Fabricius, 1798
Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae Ent. Syst. (Suppl.) : 1-572, (index) 1-53
Fruhstorfer, 1899
Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna der Liu-Kiu-Inseln Stettin ent. Ztg 59 (10-12) : 405-420 (June)
Fruhstorfer, 1907
Neue Nymphaliden Soc. Ent. 22 (8) : 60 (15 July)
Fruhstorfer, 1907
Neue Lokalrassen von paläarktischen Rhopaloceren Int. ent. Zs. 1 (28): 208-209, f. 1-2 (5 October), (29): 215-216, f. 3-4 (12 October)
Fruhstorfer, 1908
Neue ostasiatische Rhopaloceren Ent. Wochenbl. 25 (9): 37-38 (27 February), (10): 41 (5 March)
Fruhstorfer, 1909
Neue Vanessa- und Pyrameis-Rassen Int. ent. Zs. 3 (17) : 94 (24 July)
Fruhstorfer, 1912
6. Familie: Nymphalidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 453-456 (31 January, 1912), : 457-488 (18 March, 1912), : 489-496 (25 May, 1912), : 489-496 (10 May, 1912), : 497-504 (15 April, 1912), : 505-512 (10 May, 1912), : 513-528 (11 April, 1912), : 529-552 (20 April, 1912), : 553-592 (15 May, 1912), : 593-616 (25 September, 1912), : 617-632 (15 October, 1912), : 633-640 (25 October, 1912), : 641-656 (10 January, 1913), : 657-664 (12 January, 1913), : 665-680 (13 January, 1913), : 681-688 (25 January, 1913), : 689-696 (16 June, 1913), : 697-704 (5 August, 1913), : 705-712 (20 January, 1914), : 713-720 (20 November, 1913), : 721-744 (9 March, 1914), : 745-751 (30 July, 1915), : 753-760 (28 March, 1914), : 761-766 (14 April, 1914)
Godart, 1819
Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire naturelle Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des crustacés, des arachnides et des insectes Encyclopédie Méthodique 9 (1): 3-328 (1819), (2): 329-828 ([1824])
Godman & Salvin, [1882]
Biologia Centrali-Americana. Rhopalocera. Vol. 1. (1879-1886) Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 1: 1-487, 3: pl. 1-24,24a,25-112
Godman & Salvin, [1901]
Biologia Centrali-Americana. Rhopalocera. (1887-1901) Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 1-741 (?782), 3: pl. 1-112
Grote, 1873
On Mr. Scudder's systematic revision of some New England butterflies Can. Ent. 5 (4): 62-63, (8): 143-145
Grote & Robinson, 1867
Notes on the Lepidoptera of America. - no. 1 Ann. Lyc. nat. Hist. N.Y. 8 : 432-466
Grum-Grshimailo, 1890
Le Pamir et sa faune lépidoptérologique in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4 : 1-576, pl. A,1-21
[H&R]; Higgins & Riley, 1970
A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe
[NACL]; Hodges, 1983
Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico Check List Lep. Am. N of Mexico
Huang, 2003
A list of butterflies collected from Nujiang (Lou Tse Kiang) and Dulongiang, China with descriptions of new species, and revisional notes Neue Ent. Nachr. 55 : 3-114
Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen determinationis digestionis alque denominationis singlarum stripium Lepidopterorum, peritisad inspiciendum et dijudicandum communicatum, a Jacob Hübner Tentamen determinationis digestionis ...: -
Hübner, [1823-1824]
Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge. I. Papiliones - Falter ("Erste Band") Samml. eur. Schmett. [1] : 3-74, : pl. 1-88, f. 1-446 (1799-1800), : pl. 89-96, f. 447-490 (1800-1803), : pl. 97-114, f. 491-588 (1803-1804), : pl. 115-119, f. 589-612 (1805), : pl. 120-124, f. 613-636 (1805-1806), : pl. 125-128, f. 637-652 (1806-1808), : pl. 129-144, f. 653-727 (1808-1813), : pl. 145-147, f. 728-741 (1814-1816), : pl. 148-150, f. 742-756 (1816-1817), : pl. 151, f. 757-762 (1818-1819), : pl. 152-154, f. 757-774 (1819-1822), : pl. 155, f. 775-778 (1822-1823), : pl. 156-161, f. 779-806 (1823), : pl. 162-175, f. 807-874 (1823-1824), : pl. 176, f. 869-874 (1824-1825), : pl. 177-181, f. 875-895 (1825-1826), : pl. 182-187, f. 896-981 (1827-1828), : pl. 188-195, f. 982-968 (1828-1832), : pl. 196, f. 969-974 (1832-1833), : pl. 197-201, f. 975-997 (1834-1836), : pl. 202-203, f. 998-1009 (1836-1838), : pl. 204-207, f. 1010-1029 (1837-1838)
Hübner, [1819]
Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 1816-[1826] Verz. bek. Schmett. (1): [1-3], 4-16 (1816), (2): 17-32 (1819), (3): 33-48 (1819), (4): 49-64 (1819), (5): 65-80 (1819), (6): 81-96 (1819), (7): 97-112 (1819), (8): 113-128 (1819), (9): 129-144 (1819), (10): 145-160 (1819), (11): 161-176 (1819), (12): 177-192 (1820), (13): 193-208 (1820), (14): 209-224 (1821), (15): 225-240 (1821), (16): 241-256 (1821), (17): 257-272 (1823), (18): 273-288 (1823), (19): 289-304 (1823), (20): 305-320 (1825), (21): 321-336 (1825), (22): 337-352 (1825), (23-27): 353-431 ([1825])
Kanda & Fujimori, 1931
Two new aberrant Forms of Japanese "alpine" Butterflies Zephyrus 3 (3/4) : 173-175
Kluk, 1780
Historyja naturalna zwierzat domowych i dzikich, osobliwie kraiowych, historyi naturalney poczatki, i gospodarstwo : potrzebnych I pozytecznych donowych chowanie, rozmnozenie, chorob leczenie, dzikich lowienie, oswaienie : za·zycie; szkodliwych zas wygubienie. 4 vols. Hist. nat. pocz. gospod. 4: -
Kollar, [1844]
Aufzählung und Beschreibung der von Freiherr C. v. Hügel auf seiner Reise durch Kaschmir und das Himaleygebirge gesammelten Insekten in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4 : 393-564, pl. 1-28
Korb & Bolshakov, 2011
[A catalogue of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilioformes) of the former USSR. Second edition, reformatted and updated] (in Russian) Eversmannia Suppl. 2 : 1-123
Korshunov, 1995
Dnevnye babochki Aziatskoi chasti Rossii. Spravochnik [Butterflies of Asian part of Russia. Guide.] [in Russian] Butts. Asian Russia : 1-202, (English): English translation by Oleg Kosterin
Krzywicki, 1967
Papilionoidea und Hesperioidea (Lepidoptera) des Bialowiezaer Urwalds Ann. zool. Warsz. 25 (1) : 1-213
Kudrna, 1974
An annotated List of Japanese Butterflies Atalanta 5 : 92-120
Kudrna & Belicek, 2005
The 'Wiener Verzeichnis', its authorship, publication date and some names proposed for butterflies therein Oedippus 23: 1-32
[NL4A]; Lamas, 2004
Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera
Leech, 1890
New species of Lepidoptera from China Entomologist 23 : 26-50, 81-83, : 109-114, : 187-192, pl. 1
Leech, [1892]; Leech, 1893
Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea Butts China Japan Corea (1): 1-296, pl. 1-28 (1892-1894), (2): 297-681, pl. 29-43 (1893-1894)
[RFEL]; Leley, 2016
Annotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Volume II. Lepidoptera Cat. ins. Russian Far East. 2 : 1-812
[BOW]; Lewis, 1974
Butterflies of the World
Linnaeus, 1758
Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1 : 1-338, : 339-824
Linnaeus, 1763
in Johansson (Thesis), Centuria Insectorum Amoenitates Acad. 6 : 384-415
Lintner, 1869
Description of a new species of Grapta, and Notes on G. interrogationis Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2 : 313-319
Lütkemeyer, 1920
Ueber einige neue im Jahre 1919 erhaltene Falter Ent. Zs. 34 (13) : 51
Matsumura, 1915
Some new species and varieties of butterflies from Japan Ent. Mag. Kyoto 1 (2) : 55-61, pl. 2
Matsumura, 1925
An enumeration of the butterflies and moths from Saghalien, with descriptions of new species and subspecies J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido imp. Univ. 15 : 83-196, pl. 8-11
Matsumura, 1939
The butterflies from Jehol (Nekka) Manchoukuo, collected by Marqis Y. Yamashina Bull. biogeogr. Soc. Japan 9 (20) : 343-359, pl. 13-14
Moore, 1872
Descriptions of new Indian Lepidoptera Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 (2) : 555-583, pl. 32-34
Moore, 1878
Descriptions of Lepidopterous Insects collected the late Dr. F. Stoliczka during the Indian-Government Mission to Yarkund in 1873 Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 1 (3) : 227-237
Moore, 1879
Descriptions of new Asiatic Diurnal Lepidoptera Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1879 (1) : 136-144
Moore, [1881]
The Lepidoptera of Ceylon Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 1-40, pl. 1-18 (Dec 1880), (2): 41-80, pl. 19-36 (Jan 1881), (3): 81-136, pl. 37-54 (Jun 1881), (4): 137-190, pl. 55-71 (Dec 1881)
Moore, [1899]
Lepidoptera Indica. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub-family Nymphalinae (continued), Groups Limenitina, Nymphalina, and Argynnina Lepidoptera Indica 4 : 1-176 [?1-112] (1899),, : 177-260 [?113-260] (1900)
Morishita & Inomata, 1998
New or little known butterflies from Nepal Trans. lepid. Soc. Japan 49 (1): 1-8
Naito, 1930
Three new Aberrant Forms of Japanese Butterlfies Zephyrus 2 (4) : 203-205
Nakahara, 1920
New Rhopalocera from the Far East Can. Ent. 52 (6) : 137-138
Nomura, 1937
On the forms of Polygonia c-album Linné occurring in the Japanese Empire Zephyrus 7 : 109-127
Ochsenheimer, 1807
Die Schmetterlinge von Europa. Erster Theil. Falter, oder Tagschmetterlinge Schmett. Europa 1 (1) : 1-322
[NAB]; Pyle, 1981
Field Guide to North American Butterflies, National Audubon Society
Reuss, 1939
Einige vergleichende Neubeschreibungen (Lepidopt.-Nymphalidae) Ent. Zs. 53 (1) (1): 1-5, (2): 10-12
Kirby in Richardson, 1837
Fauna Boreali-Americana or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America (Insects) Faun Bor.-Am. [4] : 1-325
Robson, 1880
British Butterflies Young Naturalist 2 : 108-110
Rothschild, 1894
Some new species of Lepidoptera Novit. Zool. 1 (2) : 535-540
de Sagarra, 1930
Anotacions a la lepidopterologia Ibérica V (2). Formes noves de lepidòpters ibérics Butll. Inst. catal. Hist. nat. (2) 10 (7) : 110-118
Schultz, 1903
Vanessa l-albus Esp. aberr. nov. chelone_ Dt. ent. Z. Iris 15 (2) : 324-325
Schultz, 1908
Diagnosen einiger pal. Rhopaloceren-Formen Soc. Ent. 22 (23) : 177-178
Scott, 1984
A review of Polygonia progne (oreas) and P. gracilis (zephyrus), including a new subspecies from the southern Rocky Mountains J. Res. Lepid. 23 (3) : 197-210
Scott, 1988
Biology of Polygonia progne nigrozephyrus and related taxa (Nymphalidae) J. Lep. Soc. 42 (1) : 46-56
Scott & Kondla in Scott et al., 2006; Scott in Scott et al., 2006
Taxonomic studies and new taxa of North American butterflies Papilio (n.s.) 12 : 1-74
Scudder, 1875
Synonymic list of the butterflies of North Amercia, north of Mexico. (1) Nymphales Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2 : 233-269
Scudder, 1889
The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, with special reference to New England Butts eastern U.S. Canada 1: 1-766, 2: 767-1774, 3: 1775-1958, pl. 1-89
Semper, 1888
Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen Reisen Philipp. (1): 1-46, pl. 1-8, A (1886), (2): 47-86, pl. 9-16 (1887), (3): 87-134, pl. 17-24 (1888), (4): 135-174, pl. 25-32 (1889), (5): 175-238, pl. 33-38, B (1890), (6): 239-270, pl. 39-46 (1891), (7): 271-380, pl. 47-49 [iv] (1892), : 381-728
[SPRK]; Seppänen, 1970
Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit Animalia Fennica 14
[EBW]; Smart, 1976
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World Illust. Encyp. Butt. World: -
Staudinger, 1881
Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Central-Asiens Stettin ent. Ztg 42 (7-9): 253-300, (10-12): 393-424
Stoll, [1782]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (26b-28): 29-90, pl. 305-336 (1780), (29-31): 91-164, pl. 337-372 (1781), (32-32): 165-252, 1-29, pl. 373-400 (1782)
Strand, 1901
Beschreibungen neuer Schmetterlingsformen aus Norwegen Schrift. Nat. Ges. Danzig, (N.F.) 10 : 285-286
Strand, 1912
Ueber einige Nebenformen europäischer Großschmetterlinge Ent. Zs. 25 (49): 253-254, (50): 257-258
[BMAT]; Tennent, 1996
The Butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia : 1-217
Tutt, 1896
British Butterflies, being a popular hand-book for young stutends and collectors Brit. Butts : 1-476
[BRU2]; Tuzov, Bogdanov, Churkin, Devyatkin, Dantchenko, Murzin, Samodurov, Zhdanko, 2000
Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories: Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae Butts. Russia adj. terr. 2 : 1-580
Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003
The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island faunda Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 3-268, pl. 1-16
[BIR]; Wynter-Blyth, 1957
Butterflies of the Indian Region (1982 Reprint)
Yagi, 1922
Description of three new Aberrant Forms of Rhopalocera Ber. Ohara inst. landw. Forsch. 2 (2) : 233-234
Yakovlev, 2012
Checklist of Butterflies (Papilionoidea) of the Mongolian Altai Mountains, including descriptions of new taxa Nota lepid. 35 (1) : 51-96
Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2020
Genomic evidence suggests further changes of butterfly names Taxonomic Rep. 8 (7) : 1-41
Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 2021
Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy Taxonomic Rep. 9 (3) : 1-55

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